Lesson 3 - A History of Global Politics: Creating an International Order PDF

**LESSON 3 -- A History of Global Politics: Creating an International Oder** 1. identify key events in the development of international relations; 2. differentiate internationalization from globalization; 3. define the state and the nation; 4. distinguish between the competing conceptions of...

**LESSON 3 -- A History of Global Politics: Creating an International Oder** 1. identify key events in the development of international relations; 2. differentiate internationalization from globalization; 3. define the state and the nation; 4. distinguish between the competing conceptions of internationalism; and 5. discuss the historical evolution of international politics. I. **INTRODUCTION:** **The world is composed of many countries or states, all of them having different forms of government.** - - Monarchy - Tyranny - Aristocracy - Oligarchy - Democracy - Mobocracy - Communism - Ecclesiastical - Parliamentary - Presidential - Meritocracy - Federal - Republican **The one who study the countries politics are the Scholar of Politics,** - some scholar interested in individual states and examine the internal politics of these countries. For example, a scholar studying the politics of Japan may write about the history of its bureaucracy. - Other scholars are more interested in the interactions between states rather than their internal politics like trade deals, political, military and other diplomatic engagements between two or more countries. International relation. Moreover, when they explore the deepening of inter actions between states, they refer to the phenomenon of *internationalization.* - Internationalization does not equal to globalization **Why do we study international relation?** \- because of states/governments are the key drivers of global processes. In this lesson, we will examine internationalization as one window to view the globalization of politics. Although this course is about the contemporary world, we cannot avoid history. What international relations are today largely defined by events that occurred as far back as 400 years ago. Don't worry; we will eventually discuss contemporary world politics. But to do that, we need first to work background. This lesson will begin with identifying the major attributes of contemporary global politics and then proceed to ask: How did this system emerge? In doing so, you will have a solid foundation to understand the major issues of global governance in the next lesson. II. **The Attributes of Today's Global System** **World politics today has four key attributes:** 1. There are countries or states that are independent and govern themselves 2. These countries interact with each other through diplomacy 3. There are international organizations (UN) 4. Beyond simply facilitating meetings between states, international organizations also take on lives of their own. E.g. United Nations (UN), World Health Organization (WHO) & International Labour Organization (ILO) What are the origins of this system? A good start is by unpacking what one means when he/she says "country", or what academics also call the nation-state. This concept is not as simple as it seems. The nation-state is a relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not always organize themselves as countries. At different parts in the history of humanity, people in various of the world have identified exclusively with units as small as their village or their tribe, and at other times, they see themselves as members of larger political categories like "Christendom" (the entire Christian world.) Nation-State composed of 2 non-interchangeable terms 1. Not all states are nations - The nation of Scotland, for example, has its own flag and national culture, but still belongs to a state so called the United Kingdom. Closer to home, many commentators believe that the Bangsamoro is a separate nation existing within the Philippines but, through their elites, recognizes the authority of the Philippine state. 2. Not all nations are states - The nation Korea divided into North and South Korea, whereas the "Chinese nation" may refer to both People's Republic of China (the mainland) and Taiwan. What are the difference between nation and state? +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **State** | **Nation** | +===================================+===================================+ | 1. Citizens -- population | - "Imagined community" | | | | | 2. Territory -- terrestrial, | - It is **limited** community, | | fluvial & aerial | limited because it does not | | | go beyond a given "official | | 3. Government -- crafts various | boundary" and because rights | | rules that people follow. | and responsibilities are | | | mainly the privilege and | | 4. Sovereignty most crucial of | concern of citizens of that | | all the attributes | nation | | | | | - Refers to **internal** and | - Common culture | | **external** authority. | | | | | | - Internally, no individuals or | | | groups can operate in a given | | | national territory by | | | ignoring the state. This | | | means that groups like | | | churches, civil society | | | organizations, corporations, | | | and other entities have to | | | follow the laws of the state | | | where they establish their | | | parishes, offices, or | | | headquarters | | | | | | - Externally, sovereignty means | | | that a state's policies and | | | procedures are independent of | | | the interventions of other | | | states. Russia or China for | | | example, cannot pass laws for | | | Philippines and vice versa. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Nation and state are closely related because it is nationalism that facilitates state formation. In the modern and contemporary era, it has been the nationalist movements that have allowed for the creation of nation-states. States become independent and sovereign because of nationalist sentiment that clamors for this independence. Sovereignty is, thus, one of the fundamental principles of modern state politics. Understanding how this became the case entails going back as far as 400 years ago. III. **The Interstate System** **What is the origin of Sovereign?** - The origins of the present-day concept of sovereignty can be traced back to the **Treaty of Westphalia (ToW)** - Agreements signed in 1648 to end 30 years of War between continental powers in Europe. - Provided stability for the nations of Europe. - Westphalian system provided stability for the nations of Europe until it faced its first major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte. **Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?** - Believed in spreading the principles of the French Revolution -- **Liberty, equality and Fraternity.** - To the rest of Europe, he challenges the power of the kings, nobility and religion in Europe leads to so called Napoleonic War - Napoleonic Wars lasted 1803-1815 with Napoleon and his armies marching all over much of Europe - In very country they conquered the French implemented the ***Napoleonic Code*** that forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, promoted meritocracy in government service. This system shocked monarchies and the hereditary elites (dukes, duchesses, etc.) of Europe, and they mustered their armies to push back against the French emperor. - Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated Bonaparte in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, ending the latter's mission to spread his liberal code across Europe. - To prevent another war and to keep their systems of privilege, the royal powers created a new system that, in effect, restored the Westphalian system. ***The Concert of Europe*** **Concert of Europe (CoE) or Metternich System** - It is Alliance of "Great Powers" that sought to restore monarchical, hereditary and religious privileges. - Named after Klemens von Metternich who was the main architect of Concert of Europe), - CoE lasted 1815 to 1914 Despite the challenge of Napoleon to the Westphalian system and the eventual collapse of CoE after World War I, present-day international system still has traces of this history. Until now, states are considered sovereign, and Napoleonic attempts to violently impose systems of government in other countries are frowned upon. Moreover, like the Concert system, "great powers" still hold significant influence over world politics. For example, the most powerful grouping in the UN, the Security Council, has core of five permanent members, all having veto powers over the council's decision-making process. **Internationalism** - It is a desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and people. There are two kinds of internationalism. **Liberal internationalism and Socialist internationalism**. **Thinkers of Liberal Internationalism** a. **Immanuel Kant** -- Kant likened states in global system to people living in given territory. If people in global system to people living in a given lawlessness, shouldn't that same principle be applied to states? Without a form of world government, he argued, the international system would be chaotic. Therefore, states, like citizens of countries, must give up some freedoms and "establish a continuously growing state consisting of various nations which will ultimately include the nations of the world.' In short, Kant imagined a form of **global government.** b. **Jeremy Bentham** -- (coined the word "international" in 1780) advocated the creation of "international law" that would govern the inter-state relations. He believed that objective global legislators should aim to propose legislation that would create "The greatest happiness of all nations taken together" To many, these proposals for global government and international law seemed to represent challenges to states. - Would not a world government, in effect, become supreme? - Would not its laws overwhelm the sovereignty of individual states? **1^st^ thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism** - **Giuseppe Mazzini** - Proposed a system of free nations that cooperated with each other to create an international system. - wanted to create United States of Europe - Nationalist internationalist, who believes that free, unified nation-states should be the basis of global cooperation - Influenced the thinking of Woodrow Wilson the former president of U.S. - **Woodrow Wilson** - who became one of the 20^th^ century's most prominent internationalist. - Nationalism internationalism - Principle of self-determination - - - - From KANT (international) + MAZZINI (Cooperation and respect among Nation-State) + WILSON (Democracy and self-determination) = Creation of UN But there are some philosophers reject the principles of Liberal internationalism they called themselves as **Socialist internationalism (SI)**, one of them is Karl Marx the biggest Mazzini's critic. **Thinkers of Socialist internationalism** a. **Karl Marx** and his co-author, Friedrich Engels - believed that in the socialist revolution seeking to overthrow the state and alter the economy, the proletariat "had no nation." Hence, their now famous battle cry, "Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains.' - They opposed nationalism because they believe it prevented the unification of the world's workers. Instead of identify. - Died in 1883 (Karl Marx) but his followers soon sought to make his vision concrete by establishing their international organization. The Socialist International (SI) **The Socialist Internationalist (SI)** - Establish in Paris (1899) - Their achievements is the Declaration of May 1 as Labor day, International Women's Day and 8-hour workday - But Collapsed during World War I. After that more, radical version emerged like Vladimir Lennin former president of USSR b. (Bolshevik Party Leader) **Vladimir Lennin** - Established new state (USSR) - Unlike SI parties, they did not believe in obtaining power for the working-class trough elections rather revolutionary is the solution - Established COMMUNIST PARTIES the Communist International (Comintern) - Comintern served as the central body for directing Communist parties all over the world. - Top-down governance c. **Joseph Stalin** - Successor of Lennin - Dissolved Comintern and changed it into Cominform or Communist Information Bureau - Conifrom, like the Comintern before it, help direct the various communist parties that had taken power in Eastern Europe IV. **CONCLUSION** This lesson examined the roots of the international system. In tracing these roots, a short history of internationalism was provided. Moreover, internationalism is but one window into the broader phenomenon of globalization. Nevertheless, it is the very crucial aspect of globalization. Nevertheless, it is are heightened by the increased interdependence of states. This increased interdependence manifests itself not just through state-to-state relations. Increasingly, international relations are also facilitated by international organizations that promote global norms and policies. The most prominent example of this organization, of course, is the United Nations.