Lesson 22-UTS Reviewer PDF

LESSON 2: SOCIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE: A student who PERSPECTIVE OF SELF is often called or labeled as slow, stupid, or hard-...

LESSON 2: SOCIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE: A student who PERSPECTIVE OF SELF is often called or labeled as slow, stupid, or hard- headed might live up to SOCIETY those words even though those are not part of his or A group of people who live in a defined her character. territory. They also share the same culture. ROBERT K. MERTON Consists of: Self-fulfilling Prophecy. Institutions Shared beliefs This means that even a Cultural Ideas false idea can become true. Shared political authority Merton used the idea of a “bank run” to explain it. Imagine that, for some reason, PETER BERGER AND THOMAS depositors of a bank falsely feared that LUCKMANN (1966) their bank is soon to be bankrupt. Because of that they eventually decided to pull out They authored The Social their money thus fulfilling the false Construction of Reality. prophecy. − In this book, they stressed that society is made through This shows that indeed, the reality is “habitualization”. constructed by an idea. HABITUALIZATION happens when an action ROLES AND STATUS that is repeated often becomes cast into a pattern. Roles Status This act then is done again patterns of The in the future in the same behavior that we responsibilities manner and with the same identify in others and benefits a economical effort. that represent person sees society as something their social experiences that was already status. based on their created before us. rank and role in society. − According to them, society is a habit. ROLE STRAIN − This happens when there is too W. I THOMAS much required from a single role Constructed the Thomas theorem which states, EXAMPLE: being a student. A student is also a son or daughter, a friend, a “If men define situations as real, they sibling, etc. are real in their consequences”. This means that people can be subjective in their construction of reality despite the objective reality. ROLE CONFLICT SOCIALIZATION − This happens when one or more − the process wherein people are roles are contradictory. taught to be proficient members of society. EXAMPLE: A working mom. When she − Through socialization people misses a school event of her child, she learn: is deemed as a bad mother. But when societal norms she misses a day of work for her child, Beliefs she is deemed as a bad employee. values. − Socializing, the act of interacting with others is not the same as ROLE PERFORMANCE socialization. − how individuals express their − Socialization is a sociological roles. process that occurs through socializing. ERVING GOFFMAN THEORIES ON HOW WE “people are like actors on a stage” SOCIALIZE − His theory, called dramaturgy, George Herbert Mead states that people use “impression management” to − the self is a person’s distinct present their selves to others as identity and it is developed they hope to be perceived. Each through social interactions. situation is a different scene and “an individual has to be able to people play different roles view himself or herself through depending on who is there. the eyes of others.” Mead stated that there is a CHARLES COOLEY specific way of development. Looking-glass Self. 1. The first stage is imitation. “we base our image on what we During this stage, think other people see”. children copy the − He believes that we based our actions of the people sense of self on the imagined surrounding them. perception of us of others and 2. The second stage is how they would react to us. called play stage. − He concluded that people’s In this stage, children reaction to us is like a mirror in take on roles that which we are reflected. other people around them have like their parents or grown-ups. Also, children learn to consider various roles  at the same time and shows gender bias”. It is how those roles because Kohlberg’s research interact with one was only conducted on male another. subjects. Gilligan’s research 3. The last stage is shows that boys and girls have a called the different understanding of generalized other. morality. This is where − Boys tend to highlight rules and individuals can laws. They have more of a imagine how they are justice perspective. While girls viewed by one or have a care and responsibility others. perspective. That is why they tend to consider people’s reasons for their wrong actions. LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S THEORY − Gilligan also noticed that OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Kohlberg assumes that the − Moral development is crucial for justice perspective was the right socialization. It refers to the way or better perspective. She, on people distinguish the good and the other hand, said that neither bad in society. perspective was better. − Finally, she explained that boys “people undergo three levels of moral are socialized for work development: pre-conventional, environments while girls are conventional, and post-conventional”. socialized for a home environment. 1. Pre-conventional stage - children experience the world CULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF around them through their SOCIALIZATION senses. Teaching culture to new members is 2. When they grow a bit, they how society preserves itself. If the new become more aware of others members did not learn the way of life of feelings and consider those the society, then that society ceases to when weighing what’s right or exist. The culture must be transmitted wrong. That is the conventional to those who join the society for the stage. society to survive. 3. Post-conventional stage - people begin to think of morality in abstract terms. They realized that legality does not equate to morality. IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION TO INDIVIDUALS CAROL GILLIGAN Social interaction lets us see ourselves − agrees with Kohlberg’s theory through the eyes of others. Thus, we but she stated that “the theory learn who we are and how we fit into the  society. Through socialization, we learn about culture and language too. Without it, we have no self. AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION − Socialization is expedited by agents of socialization. We have two broad categories of agents of socialization SOCIAL GROUP INSTITUTIONAL AGENTS AGENTS These are usually These are further the source of our divided into two, first socialization formal and informal. Under this 1. Formal social category are institutions are family schools, and peer groups. workplaces, and the government. They These groups are teach people to the people’s behave in a certain first teachers of way and how culture, beliefs, to navigate in and values of society. society. 2. Informal social institutions. An example is mass media. Media contributes to socialization by flooding us with messages about norms and expectations.