Library and Information Center Management - 2024-2025 PDF

SECOND SEMESTER 2024-2025 Lesson 2: The Evolution of Management Thought a) Identify the various schools of thought in management. b) Differentiate the content models. c) Relate the process models to library management. d) Examine cases in library management and apply the concepts learned. What is...

SECOND SEMESTER 2024-2025 Lesson 2: The Evolution of Management Thought a) Identify the various schools of thought in management. b) Differentiate the content models. c) Relate the process models to library management. d) Examine cases in library management and apply the concepts learned. What is Management Thought? >refers to the theory that guides management of people in the organization Management in Ancient History 3000 b.c.e., the Sumerians kept records on clay tablets; many of those records applied to the management practices of the priests of Ur. Early Babylonia implemented very strict control of business enterprises with its Codes of Akkadian and Hammurabi. Management in Ancient History Exodus 18:25–26 Moses, “chose able men out of all Israel and made them heads over the people, rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens. And they judged the people at all seasons; the hard cases they brought unto Moses, but every small matter they judged themselves.” Management in Ancient History Construction of one pyramid in Egypt around 5000 b.c.e. was accomplished by about 100,000 people working for 20 years. Do you think pyramid in Egypt has been completed without extensive planning, organizing, and controlling? Management in Ancient History Around 2000 b.c.e., the principle of decentralized control was introduced, by a vesting of control in the individual states of Egypt; it was only later that the Pharaoh established central control overall. …schools of management began to be developed. >These schools are theoretical frameworks that are based on different assumptions about people and organizations. Schools of Management Six major ways of thinking about management: the classical perspective the humanistic approach, the quantitative perspective the systems approach contingency management learning organizations.  Schools of Management: Classical Perspective The earliest management schools are often categorized as being classical perspectives Schools of Management: Classical Perspective Before the advent of the classical perspectives on management decisions could be described as “seat-of-the- pants.” Every manager drew on past experience in managing, but there was no attempt to find out if one way of doing a job was better than another. Workers were hired with little thought about matching their skills to the jobs that needed to be done, and new workers usually were not given any systematic training. There was no standardization of tools or processes. The writers of the classical perspectives attempted to bring a more systematic approach to management by proposing more efficient and effective ways to manage. A Schools of Management Classical Perspective: Scientific Management Schools were developed in different places, they share many common characteristics. The most important of these schools are: 1. the scientific management 2. the bureaucratic 3. the administrative principles Schools of Management Classical Perspective: Scientific Management Schools of Management Classical Perspective: Scientific Management Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856–1915), an American, is considered to be the father of scientific management. Basic assumption: workers are primarily economically motivated and that they will put forth their best efforts if they are rewarded financially. Schools of Management Classical Perspective: Scientific Management Frederick Winslow Taylor The emphasis is on maximum output and on eliminating waste and inefficiency. Planning and standardization of efforts and techniques are viewed as important factors in creating a more efficient organization. Schools of Management Classical Perspective: Scientific Management Taylor thought managers should: Develop a series of rules and routines to help workers in their daily work. Replace the rule-of-thumb method by finding the most efficient way. Select scientifically, and then train, teach, and develop the worker. Provide wage incentives to workers for increased output.  Schools of Management: Bureaucratic Organizations At about the same time that scientific management was developing in the United States, the concept of bureaucracy was taking form in Europe. Schools of Management: Bureaucratic Organizations Max Weber (1864–1920), a German sociologist, introduced many of the theories of the bureaucratic school. He was the first to articulate a theory of the structure of authority in organizations and to distinguish between power and authority and between compelling action and voluntary response. Schools of Management: Bureaucratic Organizations Weber characterized a bureaucratic organization as an ideal type of organization, in which: Labor is divided with a clear indication of authority and responsibility. The principle of hierarchy exists. Personnel are selected and promoted based on qualifications. Rules are written down and impersonally and uniformly applied. Promotion into management is only through demonstrated technical competence. Rules and procedures ensure reliable and predictable behavior.  Schools of Management: Administrative Principles Another movement also began to develop in France about the same time as Taylor’s experiments in the United States. Using some of the same scientific management methods, it sought to establish a conceptual framework for, as well as to identify principles and build a theory of management. Schools of Management: Administrative Principles The father of the administrative principles (also sometimes called the classical or generalist) movement was a Frenchman, Henri Fayol (1841– 1925). Fayol looked at administration from the top down. As an industrialist, he concentrated on the roles that managers should perform as planners, organizers, and controllers.. Schools of Management: Administrative Principles He believed that managers needed guidelines, or basic principles upon which to operate, and he emphasized the need to teach administration at all levels. He was the first to write about the functions of management, including planning, organization, command, coordination, and control. He devised a set of principles,  Schools of Management:Administrative Principles Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management 1. Division of work.There should be a clear division of duties. Breaking jobs into smaller pieces will result in specialization. Management should be separate and distinct. 2. Authority. The authority that individuals possess should be equal to their responsibility. Anyone responsible for the results of a task should be given the authority to take the actions necessary to ensure its success. 3. Discipline There should be clear rules and complete obedience to behavior in the best interest of the organization.  Schools of Management:Administrative Principles Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management 4. Unity of command. An employee should receive orders from only one superior, in order to avoid confusion and conflict. 5. Unity of direction. There should be one head and one plan, in order to ensure a coordinated effort. 6. Subordination of individual interest to the general Interest. Employees should place the organization’s concerns before their own.  Schools of Management:Administrative Principles Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management 7. Remuneration of personnel. Pay should be fair. 8. Centralization. Centralization is the most desirable arrangement within an organization 9. Scalar chain. Each position is part of a vertical chain of authority (thescalar chain). Communication should move up and down this chain of command.  Schools of Management:Administrative Principles Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management 10. Order. To avoid conflicts, there should be a right place for everything and everyone in the organization. 11. Equity. Equality of treatment must be taken into account in dealing with employees. Justice should be tempered with kindness. 12. Stability of tenure of personnel. Long-term stability for workers is good for an organization  Schools of Management:Administrative Principles Fayol’s 14 Principles of Management 13. Initiative. Incentive rewards must be provided to stimulate production. 14. Esprit de corps. Develop a strong sense of morale and unity. Communication is the key to a satisfied working group. Schools of Management:Administrative Principles Like Taylor, Fayol believed that workers were naturally lazy, resisted work more effectively when working in groups, must be subjected to discipline, could be best motivated by the incentive of higher wages, could work better when properly instructed, and differed markedly in native ability and capacity Schools of Management:Classical Perspectives All three of these schools of the classical perspective emphasized consistency, efficiency, and clear rules, and they all subordinated the needs of the worker to that of the organization. They paid little or no attention to outside environmental factors. T