LESSON 2: Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology PDF

Department of Natural Sciences College of Science and Engineering ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY Ateneo Avenue, Naga City 4400 LESSON 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Intended Learning Outcomes At the end...

Department of Natural Sciences College of Science and Engineering ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY Ateneo Avenue, Naga City 4400 LESSON 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Explain how science and technology affected the society and environment and vice versa; 2. Identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history; and 3. Discuss the scientific and technological developments in the Philippines. Learning Content The developments in this field are not just products of people's imagination or a one-time thought process. They are also brought about by gradual improvements to earlier works from different time periods. The driving force behind this continuous progress is the desire to raise the quality of life of the people. The summary of the products and inventions for different periods and civilizations are shown on a table on the succeeding pages. Learning Assessment ▪ See Exit Ticket in our discussion board on our Google Classroom. References McNamara, D. J., Valverde, V. M., & Beleno, R. I. (2018). Science technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. ,. Quinto, E. J. M., & Nieva, A. D. (2019). Science, Technology, and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc.,. Supplementary Websites ▪ Cartwright, M. (2017, December 20). Ancient Greek Inventions - Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia. https://www.ancient.eu/article/1165/ancient- greek-inventions/ ▪ Medievalists.net. (n.d.). Ten Medieval Inventions that Changed the World - Medievalists.net. Medievalists.Net. Retrieved January 20, 2021, from https://www.medievalists.net/2014/08/ten-medieval-inventions-changed-world/ ▪ Pruitt, S. (2018, August 22). 8 Inventions We Owe to the Ancients - HISTORY. History. https://www.history.com/news/8-inventions-we-owe-to-the-ancients ▪ Holloway, A. (2014, April 8). Ten amazing inventions from ancient times | Ancient Origins. Ancient Origins: Reconstructing the Story of Humanity’s Past. https://www.ancient- origins.net/ancient-technology/ten-amazing-inventions-ancient-times-001539 ▪ McGreevy, N. (2020, October 30). Why Did Ancient Egyptian Scribes Use Lead-Based Ink? | Smart News | Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/renaissance-painters-ancient-egyptians- used-drying-techniques-make-their-words-stick-180976176/ NSCS101 Science, Technology, and Society | 2-2021-2022  Department of Natural Sciences College of Science and Engineering ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY Ateneo Avenue, Naga City 4400 Time Period Early Civilization Discoveries and contributions Illustration I. Ancient A. Sumerian 1. Cuneiform ▪ People were ▪ Have high degree of - First writing system concerned with: cooperation and desire for - A system that utilizes word - transportation great things. pictures & triangular symbols and navigation ▪ Not contented with basic that are carved on clay using - communication things in life can offer wedge instruments & are left and record- to dry keeping 2. Uruk City - mass - First true city in the world production, - Built only using only mud or - security and clay from the river, mixed with protection reeds, producing sun-baked - health bricks - aesthetics 3. Great Ziggurat of Ur - architecture - A.k.a mountain of God - Built also using sun-baked bricks - Served as the sacred-place of their chief God 4. Irrigation and Dikes - Built to bring water to farmlands and control flooding of the rivers Time Period Early Civilization Discoveries and contributions Illustration NSCS101 Science, Technology, and Society | 2-2021-2022  Department of Natural Sciences College of Science and Engineering ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY Ateneo Avenue, Naga City 4400 Ancient (cont.) Sumerian (cont.) 5. Sailboats - Used as their early mode of transportation through waterways (rivers & seas) 6. Wheel - created for farm work and food processes (e.g., milling of grains) 7. The Plow - Invented to dig the earth in a faster pace - Allowed farmers to cultivate larger parcels of land faster to mass produce food without taking much time and effort 8. Roads - Built to facilitate faster and easier travel - Made with sun-baked bricks laid on the ground. Then, later poured with bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the roads. NSCS101 Science, Technology, and Society | 2-2021-2022  Department of Natural Sciences College of Science and Engineering ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY Ateneo Avenue, Naga City 4400 Time Period Early Civilization Discoveries and contributions Illustration Ancient (cont.) B. Babylonian Hanging gardens of Babylon ▪ Emerged near the Tigris & - made of layers upon layers of Euphrates Rivers gardens containing species of ▪ Great builders, engineers, plants, vines, and trees. and architects - Built by Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife Queen Amytis according to legends. - Exact location was unknown - Existence is still in question due to lack of documentation and archaeological evidence C. Egyptian 1. Paper or Papyrus - Contributed to early - Made from papyrus, a engineering plant, that grew infrastructures abundantly along Nile established by Pharaohs River - Became a solution to safe- keeping and transportation problem as an alternative to clay tablets 2. Ink - Created from the combination of soot with different chemicals - Used to record history, culture, and codified laws NSCS101 Science, Technology, and Society | 2-2021-2022  Department of Natural Sciences College of Science and Engineering ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY Ateneo Avenue, Naga City 4400 Time Period Early Civilization Discoveries and contributions Illustration Ancient (cont.) C. Egyptian (cont.) 3. Hieroglyphics - System of writing using symbols - Language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of ancient Egyptians 4. Cosmetics - Used for health and aesthetic reasons - E.g., Kohl – used to prevent and cure eye diseases - Make-up was as sign of holiness 5. Wig - Worn for health and wellness - Protection of shaved heads of wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of the sun 6. Water Clock / Clepsydra - A time keeping device in the ancient times that utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to another. NSCS101 Science, Technology, and Society | 2-2021-2022  Department of Natural Sciences College of Science and Engineering ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY Ateneo Avenue, Naga City 4400 Time Period Early Civilization Discoveries and contributions Illustration Ancient (cont.) D. Greek 1. Alarm clock - In-depth works on - Made use of water (or stones) philosophy & that dropped into drums mathematics which sounded like an alarm 2. Water mill - Used in agricultural processes like milling of grains E. Roman 1. Newspaper - Cradle of politics and - Known as gazettes governance - Contained announcements of - Model in terms of the Roman Empire Engraved legislation and codified in metal or stone tablets then laws publicly displayed 2. Bound books or codex - Covers were made of wax but later replaced with animal skin 3. Roman architecture - Continuation of Greek architecture - Great and elaborate design with sturdier and stronger infrastructures NSCS101 Science, Technology, and Society | 2-2021-2022  Department of Natural Sciences College of Science and Engineering ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY Ateneo Avenue, Naga City 4400 Time Period Early Civilization Discoveries and contributions Illustration Ancient (cont.) E. Roman (cont.) 4. Roman numerals - Own number system of Romans to address the need for standard counting method for communication and trade F. Chinese 1. Silk ▪ Oldest civilization in Asia - Naturally produced by ▪ Famous for silk trade silkworms - A product for trade that opened China for cultural, economic & scientific exchanges to the world 2. Tea production - Made from a machine that was able to shred leaves into strips - It was done using a wheel with sharp edges attached to a wooden or ceramic pot 3. Great wall of China - Only man-made structure that can be seen from outer space - Largest & most expensive infrastructure that China has built - Constructed to keep out foreign invaders and protect the borders of China NSCS101 Science, Technology, and Society | 2-2021-2022  Department of Natural Sciences College of Science and Engineering ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY Ateneo Avenue, Naga City 4400 Time Period Early Civilization Discoveries and contributions Illustration Ancient (cont.) F. Chinese (cont.) 4. Gunpowder - Originally developed by Chinese alchemists to achieve immortality - Mixture of charcoal, sulfur, potassium nitrate II. Medieval 1. Printing Press ▪ Start of middle ages was marred by massive invasions, - Invented by Johann Gutenberg wars, and migrations - A more reliable way of printing ▪ Great technology in fields of weaponry, navigation, mass using a cast type food and farm production, and health was greatly needed - Addressed the need for ▪ Trade and commerce increased which increased demand publishing books for transportation technology 2. Microscope - Invented by Zacharias Janssen - Developed to observed organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye 3. Telescope - Optical instrument that aid navigators observe remote objects NSCS101 Science, Technology, and Society | 2-2021-2022  Department of Natural Sciences College of Science and Engineering ATENEO DE NAGA UNIVERSITY Ateneo Avenue, Naga City 4400 Time Period Early Civilization Discoveries and contributions Illustration II. Medieval (cont.) 4. War Weapons - Cross-bows & long bows were created for open-area battles - Iron body armors were created for close-range hand- to-hand combat III. Modern 1. Pasteurization ▪ More goods have been produced on a faster rate - Invented by Louis Pasteur ▪ Needed efficient means of transportation to trade more - Involves heating of dairy goods and cover a larger distance products to kill harmful ▪ Period of massive industrialization bacteria ▪ Food processing and medicine posed a great challenge in this period 2. Petroleum Refinery - By refining petroleum, Samuel Kier was able to invent kerosene - Kerosine provided lighting and heating to homes 3. Telephone - Created by Alexander Graham Bell for communication between government states 4. Calculator - Invented for easier arithmetic calculations - Paved way for the creations of complex processing machines NSCS101 Science, Technology, and Society | 2-2021-2022