Human Body System PDF

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM Part 1 Presented by Ms. Lobna S. Abu-hamiadan Levels of organization Organ systems  Integumentary system Outermost layer Protection Regulates body temperature Skin, nails, hair & associated glands ...

HUMAN BODY SYSTEM Part 1 Presented by Ms. Lobna S. Abu-hamiadan Levels of organization Organ systems  Integumentary system Outermost layer Protection Regulates body temperature Skin, nails, hair & associated glands  Integumentary system Skin Acts as first line of defense Structure Epidermis – epithelium tissue ▪ Avascular Dermis – fibrous connective tissue ▪ Vascular Hypodermis (subcutaneous) ▪ Adipose tissue  Integumentary system Skin Structure Epidermis – epithelium tissue ▪ Stratum Basale – basal cell (basal keratinocyte) o Proliferation (mitosis) o Attachment of the epidermis to the dermis o Contain melanocytes & tactile cells (markel)  Integumentary system Skin Structure Epidermis – epithelium tissue ▪ Stratum Spinosum – keratinocyte (prickly cells) o Prickly layer o Second layer o Contain dendritic cell (Langerhans cell)  Integumentary system Skin Structure Epidermis – epithelium tissue ▪ Stratum Granulosum – keratinocyte o Granular layer o 4-6 cell layers thick o Keratinization o Contain keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules  Integumentary system Skin Structure Epidermis – epithelium tissue ▪ Stratum Lucidum – dead keratinocyte o Clear layer o 2-3 cell layers thick o Clear & dead keratinocytes o Tonofilaments  Integumentary system Skin Structure Epidermis – epithelium tissue ▪ Stratum Corneum – anucleated keratinocyte o Horny layer o 20-30 cell layers thick o Dead keratinocytes with a lot of keratin  Integumentary system Skin Structure Dermis – fibrous connective tissue ▪ Hair follicle, nerves & blood vessels ▪ 2 sections o Papillary layer Areolar connective tissue Loose network of collagen and elastic fibers o Reticular layer Dense fibrous connective tissue Network of blood vessels  Integumentary system Skin Structure Hypodermis (subcutaneous) ▪ Is not a part of true skin ▪ Adipose tissue ▪ Thermal insulation and energy reservoir  Integumentary system Hair Structure Hair follicle ▪ Root ▪ Nerve ▪ Dermal papilla Hair ▪ Shaft 1. Medulla 2. Cortex 3. Cuticle  Integumentary system Nails Structure Free edge Nail body Proximal root Nail bed Nail matrix (germinal matrix) Nail fold Eponychium Hyponychium  Integumentary system Glands Gland that are associated with skin and hair Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands) Eccrine or merocrine ▪ Most common ▪ Secretion occurs in the dermis ▪ Consist of coiled tubes Apocrine ▪ Found fewer ▪ Secretes fat & protein which causes body odor ▪ Ceruminous (earwax) & mammary (breast milk) glands  Integumentary system Glands Gland that are associated with skin and hair Sebaceous glands (oil glands) Alveolar glands Secretes sebum which lubricates hair & skin  Skeletal system Bone Support & protect Blood cells in the bone marrow  Skeletal system Bone (206) Cartilage, joints and ligaments 2 sections 1. Axial skeleton 2. Appendicular skeleton  Skeletal system Axial skeleton ▪ Found in the head & torso - skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage  Skeletal system Axial skeleton ▪ Skull - 22 bones - Cranial bones o Protect the brain - Facial bones o Gives facial structure - Flat bones - Serrated lines called sutures  Skeletal system Axial skeleton ▪ Skull - Cranial bones o Vault (calvaria) o Base (top-down view) 1. Anterior cranial fossa 2. Middle cranial fossa 3. Posterior cranial fossa  Skeletal system Axial skeleton ▪ Skull - Facial bones o 14 bones  Skeletal system Axial skeleton ▪ Vertebral column - Spinal column (spine) - Divided into 5 sections o Cervical vertebra (C1-C7) o Thoracic vertebra (T1-T12) o Lumbar vertebra (L1-L5) o Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) o Coccyx (tailbone Skeletal system  Skeletal system Axial skeleton ▪ Thoracic cage - Sternum o Manubrium o The body o Xiphoid process  Skeletal system Axial skeleton ▪ Thoracic cage - Ribs o True ribs (1-7) o False ribs (8-12) o Floating ribs (11-12)  Skeletal system Appendicular skeleton ▪ Found in the appendages/limbs - Arm, legs, pelvis and shoulder  Skeletal system Appendicular skeleton ▪ Pectoral girdle - Clavicle (collar bone) o Sternal end – attaches the manubrium o Acromial end – joins scapula - Scapula (shoulder blade) o Superior/upper boarder o Medial/vertebral border o Lateral/axillary border Skeletal system Appendicular skeleton ▪ The upper limbs - Arm o Humerus - Forearm o Ulna o Radius - Hands o Carpals o Metacarpals o Proximal, middle & distal phalanges Skeletal system Appendicular skeleton ▪ The upper limbs - Arm o Humerus - Forearm o Ulna o Radius - Hands o Carpals o Metacarpals o Proximal, middle & distal phalanges Skeletal system Appendicular skeleton ▪ The upper limbs - Arm o Humerus - Forearm o Ulna o Radius - Hands o Carpals o Metacarpals o Proximal, middle & distal phalanges Skeletal system Appendicular skeleton ▪ Pelvis (pelvic girdle) - Ilium - Ischium - Pubis Skeletal system Appendicular skeleton ▪ The lower limbs - Thigh o Femur - Leg o Fibula o Tibia - Foot o Tarsals o Metatarsals o Proximal, middle & distal phalanges Skeletal system Appendicular skeleton ▪ The lower limbs - Thigh o Femur - Leg o Fibula o Tibia - Foot o Tarsals o Metatarsals o Proximal, middle & distal phalanges Skeletal system Appendicular skeleton ▪ The lower limbs - Thigh o Femur - Leg o Fibula o Tibia - Foot o Tarsals o Metatarsals o Proximal, middle & distal phalanges  Skeletal system Joints Function (mobility) 1. Synarthroses (immovable) 2. Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) 3. Diarthroses (freely movable) Structure 1. Fibrous joints (immovable) 2. Synovial joints (freely movable) 3. Cartilaginous joints (exhibit a range of mobilities)  Skeletal system Joints Structure 1. Fibrous joints (immovable) ▪ Dense fibrous connective tissue ▪ No joint cavity ▪ Connecting bones that don’t require lots of movement 2. Synovial joints (freely movable) 3. Cartilaginous joints (exhibit a range of mobilities)  Skeletal system Joints Structure 1. Fibrous joints (immovable) 2. Synovial joints (freely movable) 3. Cartilaginous joints (exhibit a range of mobilities) ▪ Lack joints cavity ▪ Not particularly movable  Skeletal system Joints Structure 1. Fibrous joints (immovable) 2. Synovial joints (freely movable) ▪ Contains cavity ▪ Allows mobility 3. Cartilaginous joints (exhibit a range of mobilities)  Muscular system Muscles Movement Contract & relax Skeletal, cardiac & smooth Muscular system  Nervous system Brain, spinal cord & nerves Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Electrical impulses Nervous system