Lesson-1-student-copy (3).docx

**Lesson 1: History of Medical Technology** **Learning Outcomes:** After the completion of the chapter, the students will be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **Introduction:** Medical technologists (also known as clinical laboratory scientists) are professionals who work in the hospital laboratory...

**Lesson 1: History of Medical Technology** **Learning Outcomes:** After the completion of the chapter, the students will be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **Introduction:** Medical technologists (also known as clinical laboratory scientists) are professionals who work in the hospital laboratory, performing a wide range of tests. Doctors make many of their decisions about diagnosis and treatment of disease based on laboratory test results. It is the [responsibility](https://phdessay.com/free-essays-on/responsibility/) of the medical technologist to provide accurate and precise data. Because they may hold life and death in their hands, the medical technologist must know when results are incorrect and need to be rechecked. Medical technologists do everything from simple pregnancy tests, to monitoring antibiotic drug therapy, to complex testing that uncovers disease like diabetes, AIDS, and cancer. They do all this testing by operating microscopes, complex electronic equipment, computers, and precision instruments costing millions of dollars. Medical technology has embedded itself in our [culture](https://phdessay.com/free-essays-on/culture/) and has been a positive and powerful force in the improvement of life for millions of people. **Part I** **What is Medical Technology?** - **Heinemann**: Application of the principles of natural, physical and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. - **Fagelson:** The branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health - **Walters:** The health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as in the maintenance of good health - **R.A 5527**: Auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examination of tissue, secretion and excretion of the human body and body fluids by various medical laboratory procedures which will aid the physician in the diagnosis study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general. - Examination of various body fluids and other specimen to help physician in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. **History of Medical Technology in a Global Context:** - In the Beginning of human kind, disease was viewed with mystery and was a common occurrence that claimed many lives (Porter,1996) - It was thought that disease was caused by the negative interaction between environmental elements and body fluids (Reiser and Anbar, 1984) - Poor Health was considered a physical social or personal deficiency within patient or environment in which the patient lived. - **Hippocrates:** - Father of Medicine - Formulated the Hippocratic Oath - Together with Galen, they instigated a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of disorder through measurement of body fluids (also called the **four humors)** in relation to seasons - These four humors were believed to be the source of diseases in ancient times - The 4 humors as described by Hippocrates and Galen were attempt to qualitatively measure a deficiency or excess of body fluids (phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile) - Hippocrates concluded that the appearance of bubbles, blood and pus in the urine indicated kidney diseases and chronic illnesses - Galen describe diabetes as "diarrhea of urine" and established the relationship between fluid intake and urine volume - Uroscopy was widely practiced in medieval Europe - By 900 AD, the first book detailing the characteristics of urine was written - Medical Technology evolved slowly in response to high mortality rates associated to Bubonic plague (Black Plague) - Medicine and Medical Technology has become the antidote for illness and disease that formerly resulted in the destruction of the entire societies. **Evolution of Medical Technology:** - **11^th^ Century** - Medical practitioner was not allowed to conduct physical examination of the patient's body - Early Practice relied primarily on the patient's descriptions of symptoms and their personal observation. They rarely examined the patient physical body. - **18^th^ Century:** - Mechanical techniques and cadaver dissection were used to provide a more objective and accurate diagnosis - While dissection of human cadavers and physician's touch were extremely helpful in providing a more objective and accurate treatment to illness, that is why most general population during this period was reluctant to allow any doctors to physically examine them - **19^th^ Century:** Machines were used for diagnosis. Physicians increasingly used machines for diagnosis and therapies. - **Spirometer:** John Hutchinson's measures the vital capacity of the lung - **Sphygmomanometer:** Jules Herisson's; measures blood pressure **\*\*\*\*NOTE:** Chemistry also began to play an important role and was increasingly used in 18^th^ and 19^th^ centuries to diagnose ailments such as diabetes, anemia, diphtheria and syphilis\*\*\*\* **Technological Break-through in Medical Technology**: - Breakthrough in medical technology were: 1. Stethoscope 2. Ophthalmoscope 3. Laryngoscope 4. X-ray - The following device allowed the physician to hear and see parts of the body that had been previously been observed in cadavers. - **Stethoscope (1816)** - First diagnostic medical breakthrough invented by Rene Laennec, a French, Physician - Device considered to be the first diagnostic technology. - This device offered numerous solutions for acquiring information about the lungs and heart beats of patient. - **Microscope (1840)** **-** first practical microscope was devised by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek - **Ophthalmoscope 1850)** **-** first visual technology invented by Hermann von Helmholtz, a German Scientists - This was the first visual technology to view interior of the eye. - **Laryngoscope (1855) Devised by Manuel Garcia** - **X-ray (1859)** - **Wilhelm Roentgen** a professor of physics in Bavaria, discovered by accident a radiation that could penetrate solid objects of low density. - He also found out that these phenomena could be viewed on fluorescent screen and stored on a photographic film. - The invention of x-ray allowed doctors to view the body without surgery - Until World War II when it was widely used to diagnose pneumonia, pleurisy, tuberculosis, and assists doctors to surgery - **1903:** Devise the first Electrocardiograph by **William Einthoven** and measured the electrical changes that occur during the beating of the heart. - **1910: Kenny Method Devised by Elizabeth Kenny in the treatment of polio** - **1927:** **Drinker Respirator** was introduced - **1939:** Introduce the first heart-lung bypass machine by John Gibbon - **1941:** **Cardiac catheterization and angiography** procedure were made possible through advances in material science. **History of Medical technology in the United States** - University of Pennsylvania's William Pepper Laboratory of clinical Medicine was opened. - **1918:** John Kolmer published "The Demand for and training of laboratory technicians". Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospital and institutions to have a fully-equipped laboratory fit for routine testing and to employ a full-time laboratory technician - **1920:** The administrative units of Clinical Laboratories in large hospitals were directed by a chief physician. Clinical laboratories consisted of 4-5 divisions including clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, serology and radiology. - **1922:** American Society for clinical Pathology was founded. Its objective is to encourage the cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists as well as maintaining the status of clinical pathologists. - **1950:** Medical technologists in the United States sought professionals' recognition from the government of their educational qualifications through licensure laws. **History of Medical Technology in the Philippines:** - **1578:** The Franciscans built the San Lazaro Hospital for the poor and lepers - **1596:** Hospital de San Juan de Dios was founded for poor Spaniards. - **1611:** The Dominicans founded the University of Santo Tomas - **1871:** First faculties of pharmacy and medicine were established. - **1887:** The Laboratorio Municipal de Manila was established by the Spaniards authorities for Manila was established by the Spanish authorities for laboratory examinations of food, water, and clinical samples although was not adequate used in the study of outbreaks. - **1898:** After the fall of Manila, the Spanish Military Hospital was converted into first Reserve hospital was converted into First Reserve Hospital by Lt. Col Henry Lipincott who was a chief surgeon of the Division of the Pacific and Eight Army Corps. - **1901:** Establishment of Bureau of Government Laboratories under the Philippines Commission Act No.156 **Paul Freer:** The Bureau's first director - **1905:** The Bureau of Science was established for medical officers who sought a career in laboratory research. - **December 8, 1941:** Japan attacked the whole Manila through aerial assault and deployment of troops just ten hours after bombing Pearl Harbor. - **26^th^ Medical Technology:** It was established during World War II by the 6^th^ Infantry Division of the US army located at Quiricada St. Sta Cruz, Manila. It is now known as **Manila Public Health Laboratory** - **Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana** together with Dr. Pio de Roda conducted a training program for aspiring laboratory workers. She prepared a six-month formal syllabus for the training program with certificate for the trainees upon completion. - **1954: Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH)** opened the first school of Medical Technology in the Philippines, under the leadership of Mrs. Willa Hedrick , wife of Dr. Elvin Hedrick - **1954:** The Philippine Union College (PUC) in Baesa, Caloocan City (now Adventists of the Philippines) absorbed MSH's School of Medical Technology. - At the end of World War II, Medical technology practice was introduced in the Philippines by the **26^th^ Medical infantry of the 6^th^ US army**. The US Army established the **first clinical laboratory in the Philippines at Quiricada St., Sta Cruz Manila,** where the Manila Public Health Laboratory is presently located. The laboratory offered training programs to high school graduates as February, 1944. - The U.S. army left the clinical laboratory in June 1943 and endorsed it to the National Department of Health. - Realizing the need for the clinical laboratory in the Philippines, **Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda,** one of the staffs of the clinical laboratory, formally organized the Manila Public Health Laboratory from **Mariano Icasiano** who was then the Manila City Health Officer. - In 1947, the training of high school graduates to work as a medical technician was revived under "Dr. Pio De Roda" and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana, no definite period of training was set and no certificates was given to trainees. - In 1954, a **six-month laboratory training** with certificate upon completion was given to the trainees**. Dr. Sta. Ana** prepared the syllabus for the training program. **Inventions and Innovations in the Field of Medical Laboratory:** - **Edward Jenner (1796):** Discovered vaccination to establish immunity to smallpox - **Agostino Bassi (1835):** Produced disease in worms by injection of organic material-beginning of bacteriology - **Louis Pasteur (1857):** Successful produced immunity to rabies - **Gregor Mendel (1866):** Enunciated his law of inherited characteristics from studies of plants - **Joseph Lister (1870):** Demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by airborne organisms - **Robert Koch (1877):** Presented the first pictures of bacilli (anthrax), and later tubercle bacilli - **Ellie Metchnikoff (1886):** Describe phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting infections. - **Ernst von Bergmann (1886):** Introduced steam sterilization in surgery - **Karl Landsteiner (1902):** Distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system. - **August von Wassermann (1906):** Developed immunologic tests for syphilis - **Howard Ricketts (1906):** Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and viruses called Ricketssiae - **Hans Fisher (1929):** Worked out the structure of hemoglobin - **Jonas Salk:** developed poliomyelitis vaccine. - **James Westgard (1973):** Introduced the Westgard Rules for quality control in the clinical laboratory - **Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1980):** Introduced the hepatitis B vaccines - **Kary Mullis:** Developed the polymerase Chain Reaction - **James Thomson (1998**): Derived the first human stem cell line **References:** **Benitez, P. A., Dumaoal, O. S. R., Estrella, F. P., Mortel, F. A. & Nava, M. R. G.** **(2019). *Principles of medical laboratory science 1.* Quezon City: C & E** **Publishing, Inc.** Kristopaitis, T., Wantuch E. (2013). Introduction to the principles of laboratory medicine. MedEd Portal. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.15766/mep\_2374- 8265.9598. Seyoum, B. (2006). Introduction to medical laboratory technology. Haramaya University. Retrieved from: https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/e phti/library/lecture\_notes/med\_lab\_tech\_students/medicallabtechnology.pdf.