Lesson 05 Part 02 Theories of Emotion BIU MS Program PDF

Behavioral Sciences and Ethics Lesson 05 Part 02 “Theories of Emotions” Medical Sciences Program Semester 01 Year 01 BIU Professor Dr. Ejaz Ahmed Khan Medical Sciences Program BIU  Learning Outcomes A...

Behavioral Sciences and Ethics Lesson 05 Part 02 “Theories of Emotions” Medical Sciences Program Semester 01 Year 01 BIU Professor Dr. Ejaz Ahmed Khan Medical Sciences Program BIU  Learning Outcomes After completion of this session students will be able to: 1.Describe the four primary theories of emotion: James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer, and Lazarus. 2.Explain how these theories can be applied to understanding patient emotions in healthcare settings. 3.Illustrate ways healthcare professionals can use these theories to manage stress and improve patient care. THEORIES OF EMOTIONS  Overview of Theories: o James-Lange o Cannon-Bard o Schachter-Singer Two-Factor o Lazarus Cognitive-Mediational  Importance in Healthcare: o Influences patient behavior, decision-making, and interactions with healthcare professionals. o Affects healthcare professionals' stress levels and job performance. James-Lange Theory of Emotion  Definition:  Emotions arise because of physiological arousal. Our bodily responses to stimuli lead to emotional experiences.  Process:  Stimulus → Physiological Reaction → Emotion  Example in Healthcare: o A patient experiences an elevated heart rate and muscle tension might interpret these as fear or anxiety in a medical environment. o Healthcare Professional Application: Sweating and palpitations may indicate emotional states that can help clinicians approach patients with empathy. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion  Definition:  Emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously, rather than sequentially.  Process:  Stimulus → Emotion and Physiological Reaction (same time)  Example in Healthcare: o When a patient receives a serious diagnosis, they might feel emotional shock and palpitations) at the same time. o Healthcare Professional Application: This help professionals understand that patients may experience immediate, intense emotions along with physical responses. Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion  Definition:  Emotion is based on two components—physiological arousal and a cognitive label or interpretation of that arousal.  Process:  Stimulus → Physiological Arousal → Cognitive Interpretation → Emotion  Example in Healthcare: o A patient’s rapid heartbeat might be labeled as either anxiety or excitement based on their cognitive interpretation. o Healthcare Professional Application: Understanding that patients interpret physiological responses based on context allows healthcare providers to reassure patients. Lazarus Cognitive-Mediational Theory of Emotion  Definition:  Emotions result from the appraisal or interpretation of a stimulus. It emphasizes the role of cognitive evaluation in experiencing emotions.  Process:  Stimulus → Cognitive Appraisal → Emotion and Physiological Reaction  Example in Healthcare: o A patient’s appraisal of a diagnosis as “manageable” versus “life- threatening” will impact their emotional response. o Healthcare Professional Application: By framing information positively and helping patients appraise situations as manageable.  Comparing Theories of Emotion  James-Lange vs. Cannon-Bard:  Sequential vs. simultaneous arousal and emotion.  Schachter-Singer vs. Lazarus:  Both emphasize cognition, but Lazarus focuses on appraisal first, while Schachter-Singer emphasizes arousal and cognitive interpretation together.  Importance in Healthcare:  Each theory provides a different lens to understand how patients experience emotions and how healthcare providers can interpret and respond to emotional cues. Applying Theories to Patient Emotional Responses  Examples: o James-Lange: o Monitor patients for physiological signs of stress, such as increased heart rate, to anticipate emotional reactions. o Cannon-Bard: o Understand that patients’ physiological and emotional responses to stress may occur simultaneously, so immediate support may be needed. Continue: o Schachter-Singer: o Help patients cognitively interpret their physical symptoms in non-threatening ways, especially in high-stress situations. o Lazarus: o Guide patients in reappraising stressful stimuli, fostering positive coping mechanisms.  Managing Healthcare Professional Stress with Emotion Theories  Recognizing Own Responses:  Healthcare professionals can use these theories to identify and interpret their own physiological and emotional responses in stressful situations.  Strategies: o James-Lange: o Acknowledge physical responses to stress (e.g., increased heart rate) as indicators of emotions to manage before they escalate. Continue: o Cannon-Bard: o Understand that stress responses may require both physical and emotional coping strategies. o Schachter-Singer: o Reframe and label stress-induced arousal in ways that are empowering rather than debilitating. o Lazarus: o Use appraisal techniques to perceive challenging situations as opportunities for growth, reducing negative emotional responses. Stress Management Techniques for Healthcare Providers  Physical Exercise:  Regular physical activity to reduce stress hormones and improve mood.  Breathing Techniques:  Diaphragmatic breathing to quickly calm the nervous system during stressful moments. Mental Breaks: – Short breaks to recharge and reduce fatigue during long shifts. Encouraging a Supportive Environment in Healthcare  Open Communication:  Allowing team members to express concerns and emotions openly.  Peer Support Programs:  Establishing support systems among colleagues to manage shared stresses.  Example:  A designated quiet room for healthcare staff to take breaks and decompress. Case Examples: Emotions in Healthcare  Case 1:  Patient experiences anxiety before surgery. o Application: o Provider uses empathy and mindfulness to comfort the patient, reducing pre-surgery stress.  Case 2:  Healthcare team under pressure in the ER. o Application: o Team leader encourages brief de-stress sessions to maintain composure and performance. Benefits of Managing Emotions in Healthcare Settings  Improved Patient Outcomes:  Emotional support leads to better adherence and recovery rates.  Increased Job Satisfaction:  Emotionally intelligent environments reduce burnout and turnover.  Enhanced Team Dynamics:  Positive emotional climates foster collaboration and resilience.