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This document contains questions on lexicology, a branch of linguistics that deals with the vocabulary of a language. The document contains definitions and questions of various aspects and subdivisions of the field. The document's language appears to be a translation from another language.

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1. The term "lexicology" comes from... a Greek word a French word a Latin word 2. Lexicology as a branch of General Linguistics is connected with... Phonetics, Grammar, Stylistics, History of the language Phonetics and Grammar Stylistics and History of the language 3. What types of lexicolog...

1. The term "lexicology" comes from... a Greek word a French word a Latin word 2. Lexicology as a branch of General Linguistics is connected with... Phonetics, Grammar, Stylistics, History of the language Phonetics and Grammar Stylistics and History of the language 3. What types of lexicology do you know? general, special, descriptive, historical, comparative special, comparative, general descriptive, historical, general general-historical, coactive 4. Which are the main subdivisions of Lexicology? Lexicography, etymology, word formation, phraseology, semasiology Word formation, etymology, phraseology Semasiology, word formation, phraseology Morphology, word order, etymology 5. What subdivision of lexicology studies the origin of words? etymology lexicography phraseology lexicology 6. Which subdivision of lexicology deals with the compiling dictionaries? lexicography Etymology Semasiology biology 7. What does lexicology study? the vocabulary of a language the grammar of a language different stylistic devices spelling rules 8. What branch of lexicology studies common features of vocabularies of different languages? general lexicology special lexicology contrastive lexicology etymology 9. What is not included into the subject of etymology? the vocabulary of a language from the angle of its sound system the origin of different words the linguistic and extralinguistic forces, modifying word structure, meaning and usage changes and development of words 10. What approach to vocabulary studies is mainly used by descriptive lexicology? synchronic Historical diachronic Diachronically 11. Affixes used to form new words in the period in question are called: productive newly-formed active nonproductive 12. The term "hybrids" denotes: elements derived from two or more different languages words referring to different classes words derived from two or more stems elements derived from one language 13. A word which belongs to the original English stock is: a native word a loan word assimilation of a loan a semantic loan 14. A word taken over from another language and modified according to the standards of the English language is: a loan word a native word a semantic word a etymological doublet 15. The native words are further subdivided into those of: Indo-European stock and common Germanic original Latin and Roman original Greek and German origin Roman and Greek 16. Two or more words of the same language which were derived by different routes from the same basic words are: etymological doublets international words barbarisms neologisms 17. What was the reason of Latin and Greek borrowing into English? the Adoption of Christianity in the 6-th century the decline of the Roman Empire the Norman Conquest the French Conquest 18. Latin and Greek borrowings are mostly... scientific Idiomatic Vulgar Slang 19. The nucleus of the lexical meaning is... root affix Suffix stem 20. Root words are... simple words derived words compound words compound-derived words 21. Derived words are words formed with the help of... root and affix root two stems three stems 22. A blend is... a word created from 2 non-morphemic parts of already existing words a word made by taking the last letters of 2 or more words and pronouncing those as the letters in alphabet l a word made by taking the initial letters of 2 or more words and pronouncing those as a single word a word created by removing a morpheme perceived as an affix from an already existing word 23. An acronym is... a word made by taking the initial letters of 2 or more words and pronouncing those as a single word a word created by removing a morpheme perceived as an affix from an already existing word a word made by taking the last letters of 2 or more words and pronouncing those as the letters in alphabet a word created from 2 non-morphemic parts of already existing words 24. A clipping is... a shorten polysyllabic word by deleting I or more syllables a word made by taking the initial letters of 2 or more words and pronouncing those as a single word a word created from 2 non-morphemic parts of already existing words a word created by removing a morpheme perceived as an affix from an already existing word 25.The word AIDS is... an acronym a blend a clipping a shortening 26. What is the subject matter of word-formation? the morphemic structure of a word and the ways of word building a morpheme derivational affixes and models a phoneme 27. What do you understand by living affixes? the affixes are easily signed out from a word the affixes are those, which are no longer felt in ME there is no correct answer suffixes 28. What are the productive affixes? affixes are characterized by their ability to make new words affixes are not used to from new words in ME there is no correct answer suffixes and affixes 29. When and who used the term "conversion" first? in 1892 by H. Sweet in 1978 by R.S. Ginsburg it was used in OE in 1968 by Smirnitskaya 30. What is conversion? process of creating a new word in a different part of speech with different distributional characteristic but without adding any affixes conversion is the formation of new words with the help of a zero morpheme there is no correct answer word order and conversation 31. How many approaches are there to the study of conversion? synchronic and diachronic Synchronic there is no correct answer diachronic 32. Choose the compound words firsthand, handhold teacher, worker, lovely a green house, a dawning girl care house-house care 33. Find the word which is formed by the following model adjective suffix noun happy-happiness faith-faithful harmony-harmoniously kind-sadness 34. What do you understand by the term “shortening”? part of the word is taken away and used for the whole a compound word a word group set expression 35. What is the abbreviation? consists of the first letters of 2 or more words a word group there is no correct answer morpheme, phoneme 36.What do you understand by the term sound-interchange? an alternation in the phonetic composition of the root vowel interchange consonant interchange sound interchange 37. What is understood by the term “backformation”? way of creating new words by subtracting a real or supposed suffix from the original sound interchange consonant interchange vowel interchange 38. What is understood by the term blending? a connection of parts of two words to form one word shortening of words a word group a group of words 39. What is abbreviation for “junior”? jr Junr Jnr tiny 40. What does abbreviation "i.e." mean? that is for example and so worth for instance 41. What abbreviation do we use instead of Before Christ? B.C. p.m. A.D. B.K. 42. What is abbreviation for “senior”? sr Senr Snr ser 43. What is the acronym of “sound navigation ranging”? sonar Sonic Sonra Sola 44. What is abbreviation for “for example”? e.g. attack i,e. eg. 45. What is the original meaning of the word “to starve”? Die Confute Control content 46. What is lexeme? a word in all its meanings and forms the basic unit of language the semantic nucleus of a word set expressions, basic form of a word 47. What is the stem? unchanged part of a word the material meaning a of a word a word in all its meanings and forms. >(lexeme) basic unit of a language 48. How do we distinguish words morphologically? monomorphemic and polymorphemic notional and form words monosemantic and polysemantic polysemantic, separate word 49. How do we distinguish words stylistically? neutral, bookish, colloquial, substandard native, borrowed, international national, form, polysemantic shortened word, stylistic 50. What is the largest group of borrowings in English? French Greek Spanish Persian 51. There exist.... types of lexicology 5 4 3 6 52.Comparative lexicology deals with the properties of the vocabulary of two or more languages. with the development of the vocabulary and the changes it has undergone. the general properties of the words. Etymology, phraseology and lexicography 53. Secondary ways of word-building consists of. Sound interchange, stress interchange, sound imitation, blends, back formation Abbreviation, conversion, composition and prefixation. Affixation, combinations, back formation and blends. Abbreviation, conversion, composition and prefixation. 54. Conversion is... way of forming new words affixless derivation or zero suffixation forming new word with the help of affixes “stone wall” combination sound interchange 55. Which of them are the noun forming suffixes? -dom,-ism,-er -er,-dom,-ify -able,-less,-ous -ly, -ize, -ness 56. Which of them are the adverb-forming suffixes? -ly,-ward -er, -dom, -ify -able,-less,-ous -dom,-ist,-er 57. What is back formation? is the way of word-building when a word is formed by dropping the final morpheme to form a new word is the way of word-building when a word is formed by imitating different sounds is the result of shortening of words only in written speech is the bordering case between graphical and lexical abbreviations 58. Point out the main ways of word-building in modern English? affixation, composition, conversion sound imitation, back formation abbreviation, back formation, sound imitation back formation, conversion, sound 59. General Lexicology studies... properties of words common to all languages deals with the words of a definite language studies the words at a synchronic aspect deals with the development of the vocabulary 60. Special Lexicology... deals with the words of a definite language studies the words at a synchronic aspect deals with the development of the vocabulary a general properties of words 61. What does descriptive Lexicology study? It studies the words at a synchronic aspect It deals with the words of a definite language It deals with the development of the vocabulary It studies general properties of words 62. What does historical Lexicology study? deals with the development of the vocabulary general properties of words studies the words at a synchronic aspect deals with the words of a definite language 63. What does comparative Lexicology study? deals with the properties of the vocabulary of two or more languages general properties of words studies the words at a synchronic aspect deals with the words of a definite language 64. With what aspects of linguistics do Lexicology connected? grammar, phonetics, history of a language, stylistics history of a language, literature literature , grammar, phonetics stylistics, history of a language, literature 65. What is morpheme? the smallest meaningful unit of form is a root the smallest meaningless unit of form the lexical nucleus of the word 66. Which of them is connected with word formation? affixation, prefixation, suffixation prefixation, synonyms, collocation compound, compositional, borrowed compositional, borrowed, simple 67. Compound words … and graphically are inseparable. structurally, phonetically grammatically, stylistically stylistically, grammatically morphologically, stylistically 68. The literal meaning of the term "lexicology" is... the science of the word art of writing setting out together or arrangement the study of meaning 69. How is Lexicology connected with grammar? Words alone do not form communication. It is only when words are connected and joined by the grammar rules of a language communication becomes possible. On the other hand grammatical form and function of the word affect its lexical meaning because the order and the arrangement of phonemes are related to its meaning. In examining the word information in terms of its historical development we establish its origin and study the changes in its semantic and morphological structures. The words can mean one and the same meaning but they can never be used interchangeably because they have different stylistic references 70. How is Lexicology connected with phonetics? because the order and the arrangement of phonemes are related to its meaning It is only when words are connected and joined by the grammar rules of a language communication becomes possible If we don't know the history of the language it will be very difficult to establish different changes in the meaning and form of the words which have undergone in the course of the historical development of the language The words can mean one and the same meaning but they can never be used interchangeably because they have different stylistic references 71.How is Lexicology connected with stylistics? The words can mean one and the same meaning but they can never be used interchangeably because they have different stylistic references grammatical form and function of the word affect its lexical meaning because the order and the arrangement of phonemes are related to its meaning. In examining the word information in terms of its historical development we establish its origin and study the changes in its semantic and morphological structures 72. How many subdivisions does Lexicology have? 5 6 4 7 73. What are the subdivisions of Lexicology? Etymology, wordformation, Semasiology, Phraseology, Lexicography Grammar, Phonetics, Stylistics Syntax, Word, Sentence, Text Affixation, Wordformation,, Word composition, Conversion 74. What is understood by the etymology of the word? its origin its structure its meaning its distributional character 75. The first century BC in Europe was a period of time that... There was no English language, there existed only tribal and Latin languages the beginning of Old English Christianity spread all over England Normans conquered whole England 76. What did Germanic tribes learn from Romans? New things to eat, how to make butter and cheese, the knowledge about some new fruits and vegetables Hunting Shipping Cattle breeding 77. What is meant by a borrowing or loan-word? we mean a word which came into the vocabulary of one language from another and was assimilated by the new language We mean a word which have multiple meaning we mean a word which has French origin we mean a word which is derived from the stem and affixes 78. In what century did several Germanic tribes (Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes) migrate to the British Isles? in the fifth century AD in the seventh century in the 11 the century in the first century BC 79. When was the Norman conquest of England? 1066 1166 1450 410 80. The term «lexicalization» means that: grammar means become lexical means to form new words connotations are used in the process of word-building sound interchanges help to build new words we mean a word which is derived from the stem and affixes 81. "Wordformation is the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns". This definition was given by: Ginzburg J.A. Sheard H.Marchand H. Sweet 82. What is the definition of wordformation by H.Marchand? Wordformation is that branch of the science of language which the patterns on which a language forms new lexical units, i.e. words». Wordformation is the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns. The term «wordformation» is applied to the process by which new words are formed by adding prefixes and suffixes or both to a root. creating new words by joining two stems together according to graphic, syntactic, phonetic and morphological criterion. 83. What is the definition of wordformation by J.A.Sheard? The term «wordformation» is applied to the process by which new words are formed by adding prefixes and suffixes or both to a root Wordformation is that branch of the science of language which the patterns on which a language forms new lexical units, i.e. words». Wordformation is the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns. creating new words by joining two stems together according to graphic, syntactic, phonetic and morphological criterion. 84. How many degrees of productivity are distinguished for derivational patterns and individual derivational affixes? 3 4 5 2 85. What degrees of productivity are distinguished for derivational patterns and individual derivational affixes? highly productive, productive or semi productive, non-productive productive and non-productive active and inactive communicative and non-communicative 86. What are the main types of wordformation? word derivation and word composition prefixes and suffixes shortening and blending lexicalization and conversion 87. What types are the affixes subdivided into according to their position? prefixes, suffixes, infixes derivational and functional lexical and grammatical hybrids and mixed affixes 88. According to their function and meaning the affixes are subdivided into... derivational and functional lexical and grammatical hybrids and mixed affixes prefixes, suffixes, infixes 89. How many prefixes are there in the system of Modern English wordformation? about 51 42 33 22 90.... is making a new word from some existing words by changing the category of a part of speech. Conversion Derivation Composition Affixation 91. What type of word-building is producing a new word by combining two or more stems? composition Conversion Affixation derivation 92. Find out the class of conversion in the following sentence. “He was familiar with ups and downs of life” preposition – noun affix – noun interjection – verb adjective – verb 93. Find out the class of the word “down” in the following sentence. “Exports are down to an all-time low” adjective Preposition Noun verb 94. Conversion is a non-affixal word-building. Is that really so? Yes, it is. Because it is a process of creating a new word in a different part of speech with different distributional characteristic but without adding any affixes No, it is not. Because the basic form of the original and the basic form of a derived word are not homonymous Yes, it is. But the morphemic shape of the original word changes No, it is not. Because it has the same meaning with the original one 95. Conversion was born as a result of the disappearance of inflexions in the course of the historical development of the English language. Do you agree? Yes, I do Yes, it is Yes, it was No, I don’t 96. It is difficult to define which of the two words within converted pairs is the derived member. Is this true? Yes, it is. Synchronically it is difficult to define which of the two words within a converted pair is the derived member No, it is not. Because it is very easy to define which one is the derived word Yes, it is. Because it has the same paradigm peculiar to its new category as a part of speech No, it is not. Because the morphemic shape of the original word remains unchanged 97. There is no conversion in Uzbek. Do you agree with this statement? No, I don’t. Because there is conversion in Uzbek Yes, I do. Because there is no conversion in Uzbek Yes, I do. Because Uzbek is different from English No, I don’t. Because it is not the way of wordformation in Uzbek 98. Define the type of word-formation of the following words: smog, brunch, fruice, flush, swellegant blending back-formation Shortening Composition 99. Find the proper type of conversion of the words given below: round - a round, criminal - a criminal, to say - a say, to try - a try substantivization Verbalization Adjectivization lexicalization 100. Define the type of word-formation of the following words; ping-pong, flim-flam, tittle-tattle, pooh-pooh, walkie-talkie reduplication Blending sound imitation backformation 101. Words are sometimes borrowed to fill a gap in: Vocabulary Grammar Pronunciation Cultural norms 102. International words are often borrowed because they: Represent concepts significant in communication Are easy to pronounce and remember Have no native equivalents in the recipient language Are mandated by international language organizations 103. During which period did Germanic tribes come into contact with the Romans and borrow Latin words? The first century B.C. The fifth century A.D. The seventh century A.D. The Renaissance period. 104. Which of the following is an example of a Latin borrowing during the period of Germanic-Roman contact? Candle Sky Dream Table 105. What is the significance of the Norman Conquest on the English vocabulary? It introduced French words into the English language It led to the adoption of Greek and Latin words. It resulted in the decline of the English language. It had no impact on the English vocabulary. 106. Which European language contributed a significant number of borrowings during the Renaissance period? Italian German Spanish Russian 107. Which period saw the influx of Latin and Greek borrowings due to the revival of interest in ancient civilizations? The Renaissance period The first century B.C. The fifth century A.D. The seventh century A.D. 108. Which Scandinavian invasions influenced the English vocabulary? From the end of the 8th c. to the middle of the 11th c. invasions First century B.C. invasions Fifth century A.D. invasions Seventh century A.D. invasions 109. Which of the following is NOT a method of wordformation? Syntax Affixation Blending Conversion 110. Which type of wordformation involves adding prefixes and suffixes to a root? Affixation Conversion Blending Soundinterchange 111. What is the difference between synchronic and diachronic wordformation? Synchronic focuses on present-day system, diachronic focuses on history Synchronic studies phonological oppositions, diachronic studies affixation Synchronic focuses on history, diachronic focuses on present-day system Synchronic studies blending, diachronic studies conversion 112. Which of the following is a productive way of wordformation in Modern English? Prefixation Soundinterchange Back-formation Compounding 113. What are the two types of wordformation? Affixation and composition Conversion and blending Prefixation and suffixation Soundinterchange and shortening 114. What is the origin of borrowed affixes in English? Greek, Latin, and French languages Native languages Hybrid composites Independent words 115. What is the purpose of studying wordformation? To study the patterns of word building To analyze phonological oppositions To understand semantic correlations To investigate the history of language 116. What is the meaning of the noun-forming suffix -er? Designating persons from the object of their occupation or labor Designating persons from their place of origin or abode "Full of" or "characterized by" Implies insufficiency of quality 117. The adjective-forming suffix -ish often implies: Insufficiency of quality Fullness or characteristics Origin or abode Occupation or labor 118. Homonymic affixes are affixes that: Have the same sound form and spelling but different meanings Are added to different parts of speech Are added to adjective stems Are added to verb stems 119. According to the role they play in constructing words morphemes are divided into which two categories? Roots and affixes Affixes and stems Prefixes and infixes Derivational and functional affixes 120. What are prefixes? Prefixes come before the root and modify the meaning of the stem Prefixes modify the stem for time, place, and negation. Prefixes always come after the root. Prefixes differentiate between lexico-grammatical classes. 121. What is suffix? Suffixes follow the stem and form new derivative in a different word class Suffixes modify the stem for time, place, and negation. Suffixes come before the root and modify the meaning of the stem. Suffixes do not differentiate between lexico-grammatical classes. 121. What is the fundamental difference between derivational and functional morphemes? Derivationals supply lexical meaning, functionals form grammatical meaning Derivationals convey grammatical meaning, while functionals form words Derivational morphemes are homonymous to a stem, while functionals are not Derivationals form new words, while functionals supply lexical meaning 122. Productive affixes are those that: Are frequently used in word derivation Have a high frequency of occurrence Have a wide range of meanings Can be added to any stem at random 123. Which are noun forming productive affixes? er, ing, ness, ism, ist, ance ize/ise, ate y, ish, ed, able, less Ly 124. Which are adjective forming productive affixes? y, ish, ed, able, less ize/ise, ate er, ing, ness, ism, ist, ance ly 125. Which are verb forming productive affixes? ize/ise, ate er, ing, ness, ism, ist, ance y, ish, ed, able, less ly 126. What are the criteria for distinguishing between a compound and a word- combination? Graphic, semantic, phonetic, morphological and syntactical Phonetic and grammatical Graphic, syntactical, stylistic and morphological Lexical, phonetic and grammatical 127. In compound words only one component changes grammatically and no word can be inserted between the components while in word combination each constituent is independent and open to grammatical changes and other words may be inserted between the constituent parts. What criteria is it between a compound and a word- combination? Morphological and syntactical criterion Phonetic criterion graphic criterion Semantic criterion 128. How many classifications of Compound words are there? 6 5 4 8 129. According to the motivation of the meaning of compounds, compound words are classified into … Completely motivated, partially motivated and non-motivated compound words Highly motivated, semi-motivated and motivated Motivated and non-motivated Completely motivated and partially motivated 130. What are partially motivated compound words? we can guess their meaning partially the lexical meaning of compounds is easily deduced from the lexical meanings of the stems the meaning can not be seen from the meaning of its components both stems have the similar meaning 131. What are non-motivated compound words? the meaning can not be seen from the meaning of its components we can guess their meaning partially the lexical meaning of compounds is easily deduced from the lexical meanings of the stems both stems have the similar meaning 132. Identify the neutral term for "angry" upset Furious Enraged Mad 133. Synonyms are words that… Have similar meanings Have opposite meanings Have unrelated meanings Have identical meanings 134. Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: "She was ______ by the news of her promotion." Elated Depressed Excited Frustrated 135. In the sentence "The cat is on the _____," what word would best complete the sentence? Roof Street Table Bed 136. Which word is considered literary for "begin"? Commence Start Kick off Get going 137. Choose the colloquial term for "tired": Beat Exhausted Weary Fatigued 138. What does the idiom "break the ice" mean? To start a conversation To freeze water To make something colder To shatter a glass 139. What does the idiom "once in a blue moon" mean? Rarely Frequently Every day Occasionally 140. Which term refers to words that have the same meanings and can be used interchangeably? Synonyms Antonyms Homonyms Homophones 141. What does phraseology refer to in linguistics? The study of phrases and expressions The study of individual words The study of sentence structures The study of punctuation marks 142. Which of the following best describes phraseology? The study of set phrases and expressions The study of word meanings The study of grammar rules The study of phonetic features 143. Which term refers to a group of words commonly used together with a specific meaning? Collocation Metaphor Phoneme Adjective 144. What does the phrase "let the cat out of the bag" mean? To reveal a secret To keep a secret To play with a cat To buy a cat 145. What does the idiom "raining cats and dogs" mean? It's raining heavily It's snowing heavily It's windy outside There are animals falling from the sky 146. What is not a feature of a phraseological unit? functional variability stability semantic inseparability Lack of motivation 147. Usually phraseological units are: ready-made newly-formed variable from case to case Interchangeable 148. The meaning of most phraseological units: cannot be deduced from the meanings of its components -can be easily deduced from the meanings of its components can be regarded as sum of meanings can be deduced by word by word translation 149.Completely non-motivated word-groups are called: phraseological fusions phraseological collocations phraseological unities Proverbs 150. Partially motivated word-groups are called: phraseological unities phraseological collocations phraseological fusions proverbs 151. Motivated and partially variable word-groups are called: phraseological collocations phraseological fusions phraseological unities sayings 152. What is the study and practice of compiling dictionaries known as? Lexicography Grammar Lexicology Syntax 153. Which of the following is NOT a type of dictionary? Trilingual Multilingual Monolingual Bilingual 154. What does an etymological dictionary focus on? Word origins and history Spelling variations Pronunciations Synonyms 155. Which of the following is NOT a common feature of a bilingual dictionary? Synonyms and antonyms Definitions in multiple languages Pronunciation guides Usage examples 156. What is lemmatization in lexicography? The process of identifying a word's root form The process of alphabetizing words The process of defining words The process of categorizing words 157. Which type of dictionary typically provides definitions with examples from literature or speeches? Academic dictionary Slang dictionary Thesaurus Colloquial dictionary 158. What is the purpose of a reverse dictionary? To find the definition of a word using its meaning To find synonyms of a given word To translate words into multiple languages To organize words alphabetically 159. Which of the following is NOT typically included in a dictionary entry? Word usage in context Pronunciation Synonyms Word origin 160. What is the purpose of a specialized dictionary? To focus on a specific subject area or field To provide definitions for general words To translate words into multiple languages To list slang terms 161. Which of the following dictionaries is primarily used by language learners? Bilingual dictionary Etymological dictionary Monolingual dictionary Slang dictionary 162. What is Lexicography? Lexicography is a science of compiling dictionaries Lexicography is a science of finding new words in the direct language Lexicography is a book of synonyms Lexicography is a science of word- formation 163. Words that have dropped out of the language altogether are called: obsolete Archaic neologisms historisms 164. Words that are now used only in poetry and theological style are called: archaisms historisms obsolete neologisms 165. Words formed according to productive patterns are called: neologusms Historisms obsolete archaisms 166. Words denoting notions that have disappeared out of modern life are called: historisms obsolete neologisms archaisms 167. How do we call word relations based on association? metonymy homonymy synonymy historisms 168. Words that have different forms but meanings similar to a certain degree are called: synonyms antonyms Homonyms polysemantic words 169. Words opposite in meaning are called: antonyms Synonyms homonyms polysemantic words 170. Words having one and the same form but different meanings are called: homonyms antonyms synonyms polysemantic words 171. Words which meanings differ only by stylistic connotations are called: stylistic synonyms stylistic antonyms polycemantic words Homonyms 172. Homonyms having the same pronunciation are called: Homophones homonyms Homographes homoforms 173. What does lexicography study? theory and practice of dictionary compiling the semantic of a word dialect forms of words word-building 174. Choose an archaism: brine blitzkrieg agrobiology realmleader 175. Choose a neologism: chemurgy maiden kine billow 176. Choose the most neutral word: girl wench damsel gal 177. Which word falls out of the synonymic row? guileless Fawny obsequious sniveling 178. Find a synonymic dominant: quick brisk alert agile 179. When did the first bilingual dictionaries appear? in the 16th century in 1858 in the Old English period in the 15th century 180. What branch of linguistics focuses on the study of meaning in language? Semasiology Phonetics Morphology Syntax 181. Which term refers to the meaning of a word, phrase, or symbol? Semantics Phonology Pragmatics Lexicography 182. Which of the following is NOT a component of semasiology? Word Formation Processes Synonyms and Antonyms Homophones and Homographs Semantic Change 183. What do synonyms and antonyms primarily deal with in semasiology? Word similarity and contrast Word structure Word order Word meaning evolution 184. Which term describes words that have the same or similar meanings? Synonyms Antonyms Homophones Homonyms 185. A pair of words such as "hot" and "cold" are examples of: Antonyms Synonyms Homophones Homonyms 186. When a word's meaning changes over time, it is a result of: Semantic change Syntax Semasiology Pragmatics 187. Which term refers to words that are spelled the same but have different meanings and pronunciations? Homographs Synonyms Antonyms Homophones 188. Which approach to meaning in language emphasizes the relationship between words and external reality? Referential approach Functional approach Operational approach Pragmatic approach 189.In the referential approach, meaning is primarily defined by: The relationship between words and the external world The context in which a word is used The functions words serve in communication The psychological associations individuals have with words 190. Which approach to meaning focuses on the communicative functions of language and how language is used to achieve social goals? Functional approach Referential approach Operational approach Structural approach 191. Which approach to meaning in language focuses on how language is used to accomplish specific communicative tasks? Operational approach Referential approach Functional approach Semiotic approach 192. In the operational approach, meaning is viewed as: A set of communicative functions A correspondence to reality A product of linguistic structure A result of individual mental associations 193. The operational approach emphasizes the importance of: Social context and speaker intentions Objective truth conditions Structural complexity of language Historical origins of words 194. What is the primary focus of the referential approach to meaning in language? Relationship between words and external reality Social functions of language Speaker intentions in communication Linguistic structures and patterns 195. According to the referential approach, meaning is determined by: Correspondence to objects and concepts in the world Social context of communication Speaker's personal experiences Emotional impact on the listener 196. The referential approach highlights the importance of: Semantic relationships between words and the world Pragmatic functions in communication Speaker's emotional state during language production Historical origins of linguistic structures 197. In the referential approach, meaning is often associated with: Objective reality and concrete referents Subjective interpretations and mental images Cultural norms and social conventions Creative uses of language in poetry 198. According to the referential approach, understanding a word involves: Associating it with objects or ideas in the world Recognizing its grammatical function in a sentence Interpreting its meaning based on cultural norms Appreciating its aesthetic and poetic qualities 199. What does the term "polysemy" refer to in linguistics? The phenomenon of words having multiple meanings The study of word origins The rules of word formation The pronunciation of words 200. Which of the following best describes polysemy? Words with multiple related meanings Words with only one meaning Words with unrelated meanings Words with contradictory meanings 201. What distinguishes polysemy from homonymy? Polysemous meanings are related, while homonymous meanings are unrelated. Polysemous words have unrelated meanings, while homonymous words have related meanings. Polysemous words have a single meaning, while homonymous words have multiple meanings. Polysemous meanings are context-dependent, while homonymous meanings are context-independent. 202. Which linguistic approach focuses on the study of polysemy? Semantics Phonetics Pragmatics Syntax 203. Which of the following terms is closely related to polysemy? Ambiguity Synonymy Antonymy Homophony 204. What is a common feature of polysemous words? They exhibit a range of related meanings. They have only abstract meanings. They are always defined in dictionaries. -They lack emotional connotations. 205. Which of the following is an example of a polysemous word? Run (verb) Book (noun) Read (verb) Dark (adjective) 206. Which of the following best describes polysemy? Words with multiple distinct meanings Words with fixed meanings Words with ambiguous pronunciations Words with contradictory meanings 207. In polysemy, the various meanings of a word are usually: Context-dependent and related Unrelated to each other Contradictory in nature Static and unchanging 208. Which of the following is an essential characteristic of polysemy? Multiple related meanings Unrelated meanings Limited interpretations Single meaning per word 209. What is homonymy in linguistics? Words that are pronounced the same but have different meanings Words that have similar spellings but different meanings Words that have the same meaning in different contexts Words that evolved from the same etymological root 210. Which of the following best describes homonyms? Words that are phonetically and lexically identical Words that are spelled differently but sound alike Words that have multiple unrelated meanings Words that show variation in meaning across dialects 211. In linguistics, homonyms are classified as: Perfect homonyms, Homophones and homographs Perfect homonyms and close homonyms Antonyms and synonyms Polysemous and metonymic words 212. Which term refers to words that sound alike but have different meanings and spellings? Homophones Antonyms Synonyms Homographs 213. What distinguishes homophones from homographs? Homophones are spelled the same, while homographs are pronounced differently. Homographs are pronounced the same, while homophones are spelled differently. Homophones have different meanings, while homographs have similar meanings. Homographs have different pronunciations, while homophones have identical spellings. 214. Which of the following is an example of homographs? Lead (to guide) and lead (metal) Bat (flying mammal) and bat (sports equipment) Bear (animal) and bare (naked) Hour (time) and our (belonging to us) 215. Perfect homonyms are characterized by: Same spellings and pronunciations with different meanings Similar spellings but different pronunciations Different meanings with no shared etymology Varied meanings arising from a single root word 216. Homonyms are particularly challenging in language due to their: Ambiguity and potential for misunderstanding Consistency in usage across contexts Limited cultural relevance Frequency in everyday speech 217. What is synonymy in linguistics? Words with similar meanings Words with different meanings and spellings Words used in different contexts Words with opposite meanings 218. Which of the following best describes synonyms? Words with similar meanings Words with contradictory meanings Words with unrelated meanings Words with identical meanings 219. In linguistics, synonymy refers to: Words that can be used interchangeably Words that have identical meanings Words that have different meanings Words that have multiple meanings 220. How are synonyms classified in linguistics? Perfect synonyms and partial synonyms Synonyms and antonyms Homonyms and homophones Polysemous and metonymic words 221. What distinguishes perfect synonyms from partial synonyms? Perfect synonyms have identical meanings, while partial synonyms have similar meanings. Perfect synonyms have opposite meanings, while partial synonyms have related meanings. Perfect synonyms are often used interchangeably, while partial synonyms have distinct uses. Perfect synonyms are concrete, while partial synonyms are abstract. 222. Which term refers to words that have the same meanings and can be used interchangeably? Synonyms Antonyms Homonyms Homophones 223. How are synonyms typically defined? Words with identical meanings Words with unrelated meanings Words with distinct meanings Words with wordplays 224. Which of the following best describes synonyms? Words with interchangeable meanings Words with contradictory meanings Words with unrelated meanings Words with parallel meanings 225. The classification of synonyms is based on: Semantic differences Spelling variations Phonetic similarities Regional accents 226. What is antonymy in linguistics? Words with opposite meanings Words with similar meanings Words with unrelated meanings Words with varying meanings 227. Which of the following best describes antonyms? Words with contrasting meanings Words with closely related meanings Words with similar meanings Words with interchangeable meanings 228. In linguistics, antonyms are words that: Represent opposite concepts Have unrelated meanings Share similar meanings Form synonyms 229. What does phraseology refer to in linguistics? The study of phrases and expressions The study of individual words The study of sentence structures The study of punctuation marks 230. Which of the following best describes phraseology? The study of set phrases and expressions The study of word meanings The study of grammar rules The study of phonetic features 231. Which term refers to a group of words commonly used together with a specific meaning? Collocation Metaphor Phoneme Adjective

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