Legal, Ethical, and Societal Issues in Media and Information PDF

LEGAL, ETHICAL AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION B. Plagiarism- is an act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization; the representation of that author's work as one's own, as by not crediting the original auth...

LEGAL, ETHICAL AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION B. Plagiarism- is an act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization; the representation of that author's work as one's own, as by not crediting the original author. Types of Plagiarism 1. Sources Not Cited a. The Ghost Writer -The writer turns in another’s work, word-for-word, as his or her own. b. The Photocopy- The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration. c. The Potluck Paper- The writer copies from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing. d. The Poor Disguise- The writer has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases. e. The Labor of Laziness - The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together. f. The Self-Stealer- The writer “borrows” generously from his or her previous work. 2. Sources Cited (but still Plagiarized) a. The Forgotten Footnote - The writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced. b. The Misinformer - The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them. c. The Too-Perfect Paraphrase- The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks on text that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it. d. The Resourceful Citer- The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work! e. The Perfect Crime- The writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation. B. Digital Divide- is an inequality or disparity between demographic groups in terms of access to, use of, or knowledge of ICT. Different segments have varying levels of knowledge and access to digital developments due to a number of factors which include, but not limited to: race, age, education, income, socioeconomic status, and geographical location. DIVISIONS OF DIGITAL DIVIDE (Dado, 2019) 1. The digital native and the digital immigrants The people born in the Internet and digital technology age are who we call as digital natives. The term is often used synonymously with ‘Millennial’, though not all digital natives are millennials and not all millennials are digital natives. Digital immigrants, on the other hand, are those born before the widespread adoption of computers and the Internet and has had to adopt digital technology later in life. 2. The digital rich and the digital poor -A huge part of the digital divide, especially in developing countries such as the Philippines, is the differences in socioeconomic status of social groups. The financial capacity of an individual affects his ability to purchase a gadget and a reliable Internet access. 3. The digital skilled and the digital unskilled A discrepancy in terms of digital skills occurs because of the lack of funds and opportunities. Similarly to the aforementioned, lack of digital skills may stem from an individual’s socioeconomic status. A person belonging to a family falling below poverty line would most probably have less to no access to digital devices and stable Internet connection. C. Internet Addiction- Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines addiction as “a compulsive, chronic, physiological or psychological need for a habit-forming substance, behavior, or activity having harmful physical, psychological, or social effects.” When we speak of addiction, we commonly associate it with substances like recreational or illegal drugs. However, due to the widespread use of the Internet, the digital age has ushered an addiction that has become a growing concern in the society – Internet Addiction. D. Cyberbullying- cyberbullying is a type of offensive action toward another which takes place using electronic technology (Liquigan, 2016). This occurrence can trigger traumatic experiences for the victims just like bullying in real life. Cyberbullies post or send hateful and mean messages as well images which are deliberately meant to mock, ridicule, embarrass, hurt, or attack a person. What’s worse about cyberbullying is that online content used by cyberbullies may stay on the Web for a long time. Even if the original content may be deleted, screenshots or copies of it may continue to circulate on social media or on the Internet. This makes it harder for victims to move forward if the things that traumatizes them constantly resurfaces on the Web. Cyberbullying and bullying in