Introduction to Exercise Physiology PDF

Introduction To Exercise Physiology Dr. Hamed Ibrahim Shalabiea lecturer for physical therapy for cardiovascular/respiratory disorders and geriatrics, Faculty of physical therapy, Merit University....

Introduction To Exercise Physiology Dr. Hamed Ibrahim Shalabiea lecturer for physical therapy for cardiovascular/respiratory disorders and geriatrics, Faculty of physical therapy, Merit University. Dr. hamed shalabiea  Introduction To Exercise Physiology Study of how the body (cell, tissue, organ, system) responds in function and structure to (1) acute exercise stress. (2) chronic physical activity. Dr. hamed shalabiea  Introduction To Exercise Physiology Exercise physiology: is the study of the body’s responses to physical activity. These responses include changes in metabolism and in physiology of different areas of the body like the heart, lungs, and muscles, and structural changes in cells. Dr. hamed shalabiea  Exercise Physiology is the description and explanation of functional changes brought by exercise There are two sub-group Sport exercise physiology and clinical exercise physiology Sport exercise physiology related to athletes Dr. hamed shalabiea  Exercise Physiology Sport physiologists use knowledge of the body’s response to exercise in order to develop training regimens for athletes. Dr. hamed shalabiea  Exercise Physiology Clinical exercise physiology A sub-component of exercise physiology that involves the application of exercise physiology principles, knowledge and skills for purposes of the prevention, rehabilitation or diagnosis of disease or disability in humans. Consider the physiological systems: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Nervous, Renal, GI, Temperature Regulation, Endocrine, Muscle, Bone, Skin, Immune Dr. hamed shalabiea  Exercise Physiology Definition of responses: These are the sudden ,temporary changes in the function caused by exercise these function changes disappear shortly after the exercise period is over Adaptation: These are persistent changes in structure of function following training that apparently bouts of Exercise Adaptation are long term and are thus not seen until several weeks of training Dr. hamed shalabiea  What is the difference between responses and adaptations to exercise? The adaptations that occur immediately before, during or after exercise are acute responses, while the responses that occur gradually, but generally last as long as you maintain your exercise program, are chronic adaptations Response vs. Adaptation Short term change caused by a stimulus Long term change cause by a stimulus Dr. hamed shalabiea  Training Training is practicing an activity regularly which lead to conditioning. It is the systematic process with the objective of improving fitness in a selected act. It is along term process that is progressive and recognize the individual needs and capabilities. Training programmers use exercise or practice to develop the qualities required for an event. Training is what you do. Dr. hamed shalabiea  Conditioning Conditioning is the physical effect of training for example improve flexibility strength and endurance Conditioning is what you get. In the body, there are three types of muscle skeletal (striated), smooth, and cardiac Dr. hamed shalabiea  Energy sources of muscles During rest muscles use fatty acid as the source of energy During activity use carbohydrates as another source (glucose) ATP (adenosine Tri Phosphate) is the key word of energy 1. Structure of ATP 2. Importance of ATP 3. The stored amount of ATP inside the body Dr. hamed shalabiea  Energy sources of muscles Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups Dr. hamed shalabiea  Energy sources of muscles Every bond result about 12000 calories when broken down importance of ATP is considered as current energy for the body Adenine (high energy bond) Ribose (high energy bond) Phosphate Dr. hamed shalabiea  Three major energy system 3 major energy systems used to replenish ATP: 1- ultra paied Creatine Phosphate 2- Anaerobic Glycolysis 3- Oxidative Phosphorylation Each has advantages and disadvantages All energy systems are active, but depending on the specific sport or exercise, one will be the predominate energy system used Dr. hamed shalabiea Dr. hamed shalabiea Dr. hamed shalabiea Dr. hamed shalabiea Dr. hamed shalabiea Anaerobic Glycolysis Dr. hamed shalabiea  Anaerobic Glycolysis Starts with glucose and ends with lactate 1st reaction: ATP is added to glucose to form glucose6- phosphate (G-6-P) 6th reaction: ADP is rephosphorylated to ATP This step is repeated, so 2 ATP are produced at this point 9th reaction: 2 additional ATP are produced and pyruvate is produced Final Reaction: Pyruvate then proceeds through to lactate Glycolysis produces 4 ATP, but 2 ATP are used in the process, so net production is 2 ATP Dr. hamed shalabiea  Anaerobic Glycolysis Advantage: Uses blood glucose and stored glycogen, so is rarely limited by depleted energy stores Disadvantage: Increasing acidity, or decline in pH w/in the muscle cell that occurs when anaerobic glycolysis is used at a high rate Metabolic acidosis If acidosis occurs in exercising muscle, the drop in pH can decrease activity of key metabolic enzymes, interfere with force production and cause muscle fatigue This occurs in 1-2 minutes Dr. hamed shalabiea  Oxidative phosphorylation Also known as crep’s cycle Glucose breakdown with the presence of O2 Pyruvic acid enter in the mitochondria and then transfer into acetyl co A then also breaked down by many enzymes produced large amount of ATP Used in long duration of exercise AS marthone Dr. hamed shalabiea  Oxidative phosphorylation Advantages: Supplies ATP on a virtually limitless basis, as long as oxygen and fuel sources are available Can produce many ATP Disadvantages: Reactions are very slow and are dependent upon provision of oxygen Dr. hamed shalabiea  Oxygen Debt At the completion of physical activity, the demand for ATP decreases, but the amount of oxygen required still remains above the amount required at resting levels. Oxygen Debt = the volume of oxygen used during recovery from exercise in excess of resting oxygen consumption. The increased oxygen consumption can last for a period of minutes or hours after physical activity and is necessary for recovering from exercise. Dr. hamed shalabiea  Oxygen Debt The size of oxygen debt is proportional to the intensity and duration of the activity undertaken. Respiration rate and HR will remain elevated to enable higher oxygen consumption Dr. hamed shalabiea Dr. hamed shalabiea  The Importance of Myoglobin The differences between muscle fiber types = the extent to which the muscle relies on oxygen in the production of energy Myoglobin is a protein that delivers oxygen to working muscles This allows energy-producing biochemical reactions to be sustained over a long period of time Using aerobic processes for energy production = ability to sustain activity longer Dr. hamed shalabiea Types of contraction Dr. hamed shalabiea  Types of contraction Isotonic consists of dynamic movements with a constant load. Isokinetic involves a constant velocity with variable load. Isometric involves muscle contraction that is static with no change in muscle length. Dr. hamed shalabiea