21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World PDF

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World WEEK 1 What is literature? The term literature is derived from the Latin word "littera" which means "a letter of the alphabet". According to the website Britannica, literature is traditionally defined as body of written...

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World WEEK 1 What is literature? The term literature is derived from the Latin word "littera" which means "a letter of the alphabet". According to the website Britannica, literature is traditionally defined as body of written works associated to imaginative and creative works of poetry and prose and can be classified according to variety of systems such as language, national origin, historical period, genre and subject matter. Literature can either be in oral or written form. The products of written literature are called literary text. A text can be considered literary if it has the elements of psychological characterization and chronology. Simply, the best way to describe the characteristics of literary text is that (1) it narrates a story; (2) it expresses feelings, thoughts, and ideas which can either be based from the imagination or real-life experiences of the author or other people; and (3) it delivers significant information and crosses boundaries of time, places, cultures and languages. Also, literature contains specific structure. Literary structure refers to the organizational method used in literature in which the most common type is the narrative. Parts of the narrative structure (or plot) are the exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution (denouement). Two Major Forms of Literature 1. Prose 2. Poetry  PROSE POETRY Prose does not pay attention to Poetry pays attention to rhyme and rhyme and rhythm rhythm The writer usually has no word limit Poets use a limited number of words Ideas are written in sentences; Ideas are written in lines; lines are sentences are grouped into grouped into stanzas paragraphs Language is more natural and Language is figurative and grammatical rhythmical Can be understood by reading one More than one reading may be needed to understand the meaning 1. Poetry. This literary type is usually written in lines and is characterized by having the element of rhythm, sound, imagery, and form. Its main purpose is to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It can be divided into three types: narrative, dramatic, and lyrical poetry. a. Narrative Poetry. This poetry tells a story and has the elements of a narrative such as characters, setting, conflict, etc. b. Dramatic Poetry. This is an emotionally appealing drama written in verse that tells a story and is intended to be recited or sung in front of the audience by a character speaking in poetry. c. Lyric Poetry. It is the most common type of poetry that focuses on expressing feelings rather than telling a story. 2. Prose. In contrast to poetry, this literary piece applies a natural flow of speech and grammatical structures which are mainly consisting of complete sentences arranged logically and sequentially in a paragraph form. a. Fiction. This serves as a product of the writer's wild imagination and creative thinking where the characters react to the conflict and various issues central to the main idea of a literary work. Its three types are: short story, novel, and novella. The main genres are crime, fantasy, romance, science fiction, western, inspirational, historical fiction and horror. b. Non-fiction. These are stories inspired by real events where the writers aim to present, interpret, or describe experiences based on facts. The judgments, opinions, and commentaries of the writers may be presented in the form of essays, journals, diaries, feature articles, editorials, and the like. Genre refers to the forms of literature. Literary elements refer “to particular identifiable characteristics of a whole text. They are not “used,” per se, by authors; they represent the elements of storytelling which are common to all literary and narrative forms. The term "Traditions" refers to the specific traits of literary works that define a generation or period in history. A literary tradition “is a collection of works that have an underlying interconnectedness and coherence that makes them more than simply a group of works sharing geography or group.  An Overview of Philippine Literature Historically speaking, Philippine literature can be divided into three most important periods: pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD  PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD A.Characteristics 1. (--BC to 1564) 2. Based on oral traditions. 3. Crude on Ideology and phraseology B. Literary Forms 1.Oral Literature a. Riddles (bugtong) – battle of wits among participants b. Proverbs (salawikain) – wise sayings c. Tanaga – expresses insights and lessons on life 2. Folk Songs It is a form of folk lyric which expresses hopes and aspirations, the people’s lifestyles as well as their love ones. These are often repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naïve. 3. Folk Tales a. Myths- explain how the world was created, how certain animals possess certain characteristics, why some places have waterfalls, volcanoes, mountains, flora and fauna b. Legends- explain the origin of things. “Why the Pineapple Has Eyes” “The legend of Maria Makiling” c. Fables-used animal characters d. Fantastic Stories- deal with underworld characters such as “tiyanak”, “aswang”, “kapre” and others. 4. Epics These are “narratives of sustained length based on oral tradition revolving around supernatural events or heroic deeds”. SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD A.Characteristics 1.(1565-1863) 2.It has two distinct classifications: religious and secular 3.It introduced Spanish as the medium of communication SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD B. Literary Froms 1. Religious Literature a. Pasyon–long narrative poem about the passion and death of Christ b. Senakulo–dramatization of the pasyon.  SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD 2. Secular(non-religious) Literature a. Awit-colorful tales of chivalry made for singing and chanting. Eg. Ibong Adarna b. Korido-metrical tale. Eg. Florante at Laura c. Prose Narratives-Written to prescribe proper decorum.  NATIONALISTIC/PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD A.Characteristics 1.(1864-1896) 2.Planted seeds of nationalism in Filipinos 3.Language shifted from Spanish to Tagalog 4.Addressed the masses instead of the “intelligentsia”.  NATIONALISTIC/PROPAGANDA AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD B. Literary Forms 1. Propaganda Literature-reformatory in object a. Political Essays-satires, editorials and news articles were written to attack and expose the evils of Spanish rule. b. Political Novels  AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD A. Period of Apprenticeship (1910- 1930) 1. Filipino Writers imitated English and American models. 2. Poems written were amateurish and mushy, which phrasing and diction is awkward and artificial. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD B. Period of Emergence (1920- 1930) 1. Highly influenced by Western literary trait like Romanticism and Realism a. Short Stories-most prevalent literary form JAPANESE OCCUPATION PERIOD A. War Years (1942-1944) 1. Tagalog poets broke away and instead wrote in simple language and free verse. 2. Fiction prevailed over poetry a. 25 Pinakamabuting Maikling Kathang Pilipino (1943)-compilation of the short story contest by the military government JAPANESE OCCUPATION PERIOD B. Period of Maturity and Originality (1945-1960) 1. Bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, dramatical essay. 2. Filipino writers mastered English and familiarized themselves with diverse techniques. 3. Literary “giants” appeared.  POST-COLONIAL PERIOD ❑ Post-colonial is the period after the rebirth of freedom in the Philippines up to the present. One of the most unforgotten and controversial periods during this era is having Martial Law during the Marcos regime. All of the periods mentioned are essential towards understanding the types of literature being produced in the Philippines.  POST-COLONIAL PERIOD ❑ Writers used symbolisms and allegories to drive home their message, at the face of heavy censorship. ❑ Theater was used as a vehicle for protest, such as the PETA (Phil. Educational Theater Association) and UP Theater. ❑ From the eighties onwards, writers continue to show dynamism and innovation. Directions: In a ½ crosswise, answer the following questions. 1. Why is it important to learn about the pre- colonial literature of the Philippines? 2. How does the literature during the Spanish era differ from the literature during the pre-colonial era? 3. Which era do you think has been able to exert its influences the most? Why? 1 stPerformance Task Directions: Create a literature timeline. You can add important literary works from different genres and periods as what you have learned throughout the lesson. Use short bond paper.