PSYU-X3399 Psychological Science: Putting Theory Into Practice Lecture 6 PDF

27/08/2024 PSYU-X3399 Psychological Science: Putting Theory Into Practice LECTURE 6: PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERACY Wayne Warburton X5B 237...

27/08/2024 PSYU-X3399 Psychological Science: Putting Theory Into Practice LECTURE 6: PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERACY Wayne Warburton X5B 237 1 Macquarie copyright statement This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie University is the copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this This material is provided to you as Legal material. a and/or disciplinary actions Macquarie University student for your may individual research and studybe takenonly. purposes if this material is shared without You cannot share thisthe University’s material publicly written permission. online without permission. Macquarie University is the 2copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 1  27/08/2024 Master of Research Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences INFO SESSION – 18 SEPTEMBER 2024 10AM – MIDDAY 3 Acknowledgement I would like to acknowledge the work of Associate Professor Judi Homewood who introduced me to the term psychological literacy and taught this part of the unit until 2016. This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 4 University is the 4copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 2  27/08/2024 What we will talk about Your undergraduate degree and employability Scientific literacy Psychological Literacy 5 5 PSYU-X399: A capstone unit should 1. Make students aware of graduate capabilities they have developed 2. Help students consolidate and synthesise discipline specific knowledge and skills learned in different units in psychology 3. Facilitate student reflection on how This material is provided undergraduate to you as a learning might be used to explain Macquarie University student everyday behaviour for your individual research and study purposes only. Use publicly You cannot share this4.material 1 - 3 above to facilitate employability online without permission. Macquarie 6 University is the 6copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 3  27/08/2024 Employability About 25% of psychology graduates go on to further education or professional training in psychology Many work in psychology related fields: mental health workers, counsellors, case- workers, welfare workers, social services Others work in the knowledge economy 7 Employability Your psychology degree and getting a job. Your placement experience should be helpful in terms of: Networks Employability This material is provided to you as a Yorke (2006) argues that the role of higher education Macquarie University student for your individual research institutions is to only. and study purposes produce “graduates prepared, in both You cannot share thissenses materialofpublicly the word, to learn what the employer wants, and toMacquarie online without permission. perform accordingly” University is the 8copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 4  27/08/2024 Graduate careers.com Ran an annual graduate outlook survey until 2015. The most recent (2015) makes interesting reading. For example, they note what employers look for in graduates, both in terms of desirable and undesirable characteristics. 9 http://www.graduatecareers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Graduate-Outlook- Report-2015-FINAL1.pdf This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 10 University is the 10 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 5  27/08/2024 http://www.graduatecareers.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Graduate-Outlook- Report-2015-FINAL1.pdf 11 11 Important graduate attributes Important graduate attributes include: Communication skill People skills and emotional intelligence Teamwork; fits in, aligns well with org. culture Problem solving Ability to negotiate Being well organised Motivation and perseverance This material is providedWorks to you aswell a under pressure Macquarie University student for your Confidence individual research and study purposes only. Leadership You cannot share this material publicly Understands online without permission. Macquarie core business of employer 12 University is the 12 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 6  27/08/2024 Scientific literacy Central: The capacity to apply your skills and knowledge to everyday life and the workplace The OECD PISA Framework (2015) defines scientific literacy as: "the ability to engage with science-related issues, and with the ideas of science, as a reflective citizen.” 13 13 Scientific literacy According to the United States National Center for Education Statistics, "scientific literacy is the knowledge and understanding of scientific concepts and processes required for: Personal decision making Participation This material is provided to you as a in civic and cultural affairs Economic productivity.” Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 14 University is the 14 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 7  27/08/2024 What a scientifically literate person can do Evaluate the quality of scientific information on the basis of its source and the methods used to generate it. Pose and evaluate arguments based on evidence and to apply conclusions from such arguments appropriately. 15 15 What a scientifically literate person can do Understand the science relevant to environmental and social issues. Make informed decisions about social and environmental issues. This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your Communicate individual research and study purposes only. clearly about science. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 16 University is the 16 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 8  27/08/2024 What a scientifically literate person can do Read with understanding, and interpret, articles about science, and engage in social conversation about the validity of the conclusions of what was read. Ability to describe, explain and predict natural phenomena 17 17 What a scientifically literate person can do Ask, find, or determine answers to questions derived from curiosity about everyday experiences. Identify scientific issues underlying world/national issues/decisions and This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your express scientifically informed individual research and study purposes only. positions. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 18 University is the 18 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 9  27/08/2024 Psychological literacy Concept coined by Borneau (1990) who asked 250 authors of current textbooks to respond to a questionnaire where they rated, on a five point Likert scale, how important it was that psychology majors should be able to “make knowledgeable statements about this term” (e.g., hypothesis testing, long-term memory, ego, dependent variable, placebo effect) 19 19 Psychological literacy Halpern (2011, p 10) “Psychologically literate citizens have a basic knowledge of psychology and can and will apply their knowledge to a broad range of situations” Cranney(2011, p 8) “psychological knowledge that is used adaptively” Roberts et al (2015) “The ability to apply This material is provided to you as a psychological Macquarie University student for your knowledge to personal, family, individual research and occupational, community and societal study purposes only. challenges” You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 20 University is the 20 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 10  27/08/2024 MCGOVERN ET AL (2010) IN HALPERN ET AL (ED), UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION IN PSYCHOLOGY: A BLUEPRINT FOR THE FUTURE OF THE DISCIPLINE (PP9- 27) WASHINGTON D.C., APA Understanding the basic concepts and principles of psychology Understanding scientific research practices Having problem solving skills Applying psychological principles to personal, social or organisational problems 21 21 MCGOVERN ET AL (2010) IN HALPERN ET AL (ED), UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION IN PSYCHOLOGY: A BLUEPRINT FOR THE FUTURE OF THE DISCIPLINE (PP9-27) WASHINGTON D.C., APA Acting ethically Thinking critically Communicating well in different contexts Having cultural competence and respecting diversity Having self-awareness: being insightful This material is providedand reflective to you as a about your own behaviour Macquarie University student for your and that of others individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 22 University is the 22 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 11  27/08/2024 Psychological literacy Thinking like a psychologist across multiple spheres of life Reflecting on these thoughts Using these thoughts and reflections to the betterment of society This includes ‘calling things out’ sometimes 23 23 Psychological literacy Thinking like a psychologist This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 24 University is the 24 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 12  27/08/2024 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaWcL3oOd-E CAN SOMEONE READ YOUR MIND? 25 25 WHY DO SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE OTHERS CAN READ THEIR MINDS? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 26 University is the 26 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 13  27/08/2024 HEURISTICS Thinking styles vary: analytic vs intuitive From the Cognitive Reflections Test (Frederick, 2005): If it takes 5 machines 5 minutes to make 5 widgets, how long would it take 100 machines to make 100 widgets? _____ minutes Intuitive answer: 100 minutes In a lake, there is a patch of lily pads. Every day, the patch doubles in size. If it takes 48 days for the patch to cover the entire lake, how long would it take for the patch to cover half of the lake? _____ days Intuitive answer: 24 days Are these correct ? If not what is the correct answer? 27 27 Analytic approach: Each machine takes 5 minutes to make 1 widget Correct answer: 100 machines would take 5 minutes to make 100 widgets This material is providedIf to the youlake as a doubles in size each day, then it would have for Macquarie University student been yourhalf the size the day before individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share thisCorrect answer 47 days material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 28 University is the 28 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 14  27/08/2024 The Dress image downloaded 19/8/16 http://www.wired.com/2015/02/science-one-agrees- color-dress/ 29 29 Brainard and Hurlbert (2015) Current Biology http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221500 5941 Colour constancy COLOUR VISION: UNDERSTANDING #THEDRESS This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 30 University is the 30 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 15  27/08/2024 The dress Witzel et al 2017 “the striking individual differences in dress colour perception are due to individual differences in the interpretation of illumination cues to achieve colour constancy.” 31 31 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982215005941 This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 32 University is the 32 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 16  27/08/2024 Disappointed child: They’re not the Wiggles! What is going on? http://www.humansciences.mq.edu.au/news_and_events/news/old_news_item/childr ens_entertainers_the_wiggles_honoured_by_macquarie_university 33 33 This material is provided to you as a Downloaded from wikipedia 6th October 2013 Macquarie University student for your http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wiggles individual research http://teamdoctorsblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/661_Field.jpeg and study purposes only. You cannot share this material 22 August 2014publicly online without permission. Macquarie 34 University is the 34 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 17  27/08/2024 Psychological literacy A more civil and informed society 35 35 Examples of applying critical thinking, research design and problem solving skills to real life Your local council is going to put a community home for adults with developmental delays in your street/ a needle exchange venue at the local shopping centre. Neighbours are concerned that crime rates will rise and property values will fall. A friend has enrolled her child in an after-school This material is providedprogram to you as adesigned to increase his reading ability. Macquarie University student for your He suggests you enrol your child, because of individual research and study purposes only. the amazing You cannot share this material publicly benefits of this new way of teaching online without permission.how to read. Macquarie 36 University is the 36 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 18  27/08/2024 What would a psychologically literate person do: Examples of applying critical thinking, research design and problem solving skills to real life A friend tells you she is going to start listening to jazz because a recent survey showed that people who listen to jazz reported having sex more often than those who listen to classical, rock, hip hop, country, muzak, indie or pop music. How can these findings be reconciled: for years research data suggested psychological causes of gastric ulcers (e.g., Brady’s research on the Executive Monkey). Marshall and Warren (from UWA) were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2005 for the discovery that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori was responsible. 37 37 Applying psychological knowledge to real world problems HOW TO TELL TWINS APART “Some parents utilize color coding. They consistently dress each twin in a designated color. For boy/girl twins, the color combination of choice may be blue/pink; for two girls, perhaps purple and pink, and for two boys, blue and green. You can have fun with it. One parent of boy twins named Nick and Patrick used red and green. Nick= red (St. Nick) and Patrick=green (St. Patrick) This system is invaluable for helping others tell twins apart, especially in day care or school situations. It is also helpful to use a color coding system when you take photographs of your twins. Looking back, you’ll always know who is who! If color coded clothing is too complicated, try some other quick color clue. Some parents paint a toenail with nail polish as an identifier, while This material is provided othersto use youhospital as a bracelets or jewelry. ” Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. http://multiples.about.com/od/familyissues/a/Telling-Twins-Apart.htm You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 38 University is the 38 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 19  27/08/2024 Psychological literacy Calling things out 39 39 http://www.drmartinlutherkingjr.com/thepurposeofeducation.htm “Education must enable one to sift and weigh evidence, to discern the true from the false, the real from the unreal, and the facts from the fiction. The function of education, therefore, is to teach one to think intensively and to think critically. But education which stops with efficiency may prove the greatest menace to society. The most dangerous criminal may be the man gifted with reason, but with no morals. The late Eugene Talmadge, in my opinion, possessed one of the better minds of Georgia, or even America…. By all measuring rods, Mr. Talmadge could think critically and intensively; yet he contends that I am an inferior being. Are those the types of men we call This material is provided to you as a educated? We must remember that intelligence is not Macquarie University enough. studentIntelligence for your plus character - that is the goal of individual research and study true purposes education. only. education gives one not The complete only power of concentration, but worthy objectives upon You cannot share this material publicly which to concentrate.” online without permission. Macquarie 40 University is the 40 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 20  27/08/2024 WHAT WOULD YOU DO IN THIS SITUATION AS A PSYCHOLOGICALLY LITERATE PERSON? Imaginary exam question “Explain why Adam Goodes (an Indigenous football player and former Australian of the year) began to be booed in the 2015 football season” 41 41 ADAM GOODES Possible answers: Australians of the year have no right to promote their pet causes It’s the way he plays It has nothing to do with race or his stand on racism, people just don’t like him He didn’t just cop it on the chin like he shoulda done. Its just a bit of crowd abuse. He needs to ‘man up’. Answers informed by psychological literacy might stress: What would it mean for a First Nations person to be called an ‘ape’ in the context of belonging to an advanced and resilient nation with 65,000+ years of history, who were treated as ‘sub-human’ for over two centuries; Overt This material is provided topride you as in an a indigenous heritage and celebration with an Indigenous dance; what would trigger that pride or need to reconnect with one’s roots Macquarie University Implicit studentandforexplicit your prejudice and stereotyping individual research and study Fear purposes only. of difference You cannot share this The role ofpublicly material ingroup-outgroup processes Crowd behaviour, conformity and contagion online without permission. Macquarie 42 University is the 42 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 21  27/08/2024 WHAT WOULD YOU DO IN THIS SITUATION AS A PSYCHOLOGICALLY LITERATE PERSON? Industry calls for the removal of ‘Gaming Disorder’ from the WHO ICD-11 citing: No such thing Can’t be compared to drug addiction Will only pathologise gamers who don’t have issues Too few people to warrant a diagnosis Can’t be a primary disorder in its own right because it often co-occurs with other issues such as depression, anxiety, ASD etc. 43 43 WHAT WOULD YOU DO IN THIS SITUATION AS A PSYCHOLOGICALLY LITERATE PERSON? A close family member says that climate change is a conspiracy. How would you discuss this with them? What can psychology tell us about climate change denial? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 44 University is the 44 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 22  27/08/2024 WHAT WOULD YOU DO IN THIS SITUATION AS A PSYCHOLOGICALLY LITERATE PERSON? Your friends are discussing current wars What does psychology tell us about the causes of war? What does psychology tell us about how to resolve conflict? What does psychology tell us about the short- and long-term impacts of war strategies that deliberately target the populace/infrastructure (food, medical help, housing, heating etc.)? What aspects of current wars would concern a developmental psychologist? 45 45 WHAT WOULD YOU DO IN THIS SITUATION AS A PSYCHOLOGICALLY LITERATE PERSON? What do YOU think are important societal issues? What can psychology tell us about that issue? This material is provided to you as a Macquarie University student for your individual research and study purposes only. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 46 University is the 46 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 23  27/08/2024 WHY IS PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERACY AN IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTE? The world has many problems (e.g., problems with the distribution of available food leading to hunger, pollution of water, war, crime, extinction of non-human species because of habitat loss, climate change, inequity, war, societal and individual consequences of consumption of legal drugs such as opiods, alcohol and tobacco, societal and individual consequences of consumption of illegal drugs) as a consequence of human behaviour The psychologically literate citizen can apply psychological principles to change maladaptive human behaviour at a personal, social or organisational level 47 47 WHY IS PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERACY AN IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTE? Work Having problem solving skills and being able to communicate well in different contexts are two of top three attributes employers seek Life This material is providedIntomy opinion, you as a bringing an ethical, Macquarie University student for your psychologically literate approach to all you individual research and study purposes only. do can only make the world a better place. You cannot share this material publicly online without permission. Macquarie 48 University is the 48 copyright owner of (or has licence to use) the intellectual property in this material. Legal and/or disciplinary actions may be taken if this material is shared without the University’s written permission. 24