Lecture 6 PDF

Slide Deck Traditional 10 Learning : Associated · Learning : - The formati...

Slide Deck Traditional 10 Learning : Associated · Learning : - The formation of a new neuronal representation linking either a Stimulus & a S t a te (classical conditioning or an a c t i o n & its consequences (instrumental conditioning - Rat Example : ↳ classical : Food is delivered independent of the rats behavior ) ↳ Instrumental : The rat's behavior causes food to b e delivered · Non-associative Learning : - Sensitization : Tresponse to stimuli following the presentation of a prominentStimulus (loud or Strong - Habituation ↓ response to : a Stimulus following the repeated presentation o f that Stimulus - Example : Sensitization in Aplysia ↳ Pre = Baseline response to jet ↳ touch (sensitized Post = Response to jet e i t h e r after nothing (control) or after a * post sensitized had the response greatest - Both can be non-associative learning ↳ They have been useful for mechanistic research on learning classical Blink Humans conditioning Eye in · : * Cs = Tone Aus = AirPuff ACR = Blink AUr = Blink - Extinction = Cs wo us- fast Best Controls for Associative Learning · : - same proportions of Cs w u s & CS w no US - Same # of disassociated Cs & US presentations · Bayes Theorem : - conditonal Probabilities : Possibility of an outcome based on the exs i s t a n c e of a previous outcome Prior Probabilities The of based : probability a n o u tc o m e on established knowledge - -Posterior Probabilities: The probability of a n o u tc o m e based on new knowledge - ProofS : HIV ↳ Test 1000 ppl for MIV , expect 1S ppIto test positive & S acc have HIV ↳ Test ppl for HIV 208 ppl positive & 200 acc have HIV 1000 high risk , te s t * Animals have bayesian like instinc ts ↳ of novel food of illness is noise The prior being the higher than t h at so probability cause much of , animals are innately tuned to t h e possible a ss o c i a t i o n bu t a s t e & food-poisoning ↳M a l e fruit flies choosing who to cou r t , learning & Visual perception in humans · Rescorla-Wagner Model : a(x- * AVz = VAsymptote  - When a CS & US a re paired , the change in the Strength of their association (AVA) Changes proportionally to t h e learning r a te (a) , the difference bit the m a x i m u m Strength possible (x) and the Current (ut) Strength * Discrete form Vt + 1 : = Ve + 1Vt = ax + (1 a)Vz - · Weaknesses of the Traditional Approaches to learning : - They reflect laboratory protocols & a re hard to relate to natural behavior - They do not relate to animal evolutionary biology - They ignore cognition · conclusion : subjects associate familiar cu e s in anticipated effects & take unconscious negative - measures to counteract such effects Physiological Slide Deck 11 Social Learning : Solitary · Wasp : Males late & Females later emerge in July a we e k - - Males defend territories and attempt to m a te is newly emerged Virgin females - Both S exe s feed on Nectar -> Adult lifespan ~2-4 Weeks - Females provide n e st in bumblebees - Both sexes show individual learning - There a re no social interactions or social learning Blue Tits : Opening by · Milk Bottle The behavior firstO bserved wa s in England in 1920 - * There is n o empirical evidence · Private US Public Information : Information Anything t h a t reduces uncertainty - : - Private Information : I n a c c e ss i b l e t o o t h e rs ↳ Non-private information re s u l ts in social information cues reflect inadvertent social information of intentional communicated information Signals consist - - * Inadver tent Social information = rat study · Simple Types of Social Interactions : - Local Enhancement & Social Facilitation Obser vers : a re m o re likely to visit a place frequented by others , o r to preform a behavior preformed by others A No explicit social learning - Benefit Most Often : , an obser ver joins a model who is probably at a location rich in food and safe ↳ Old exploitation in hunting - Application in Conservation : Attract endangered birds to a restored or protected habitat · Pine Seeds & Black Rats : O ne seed A is hidden under each scale A Major food Source The most efficient to remove seeds i s to s t a r t from the base & remove in a n upwards Spiral way - - No evidence of imitation A Cheetah hunting = mother offspring social learning a Teach them to hunt · Falcon Video : -Parents provide learning opportunities = Simple social learning - neither imitation or teaching