Lecture 5 (Leaf 2) PDF

Faculty of Pharmacy Pharm D Program Lecture 5: (Different studied leaves) Dr : (Prof. Haidy Gad) Date : 29 / 10 /2024 Dr : (Dr. Mohamed Sedeek) Botany and Medicinal Plants (PPC101) Professor Haidy Abdel Moniem Gad, Ph. D Dr Mohamed Shah...

Faculty of Pharmacy Pharm D Program Lecture 5: (Different studied leaves) Dr : (Prof. Haidy Gad) Date : 29 / 10 /2024 Dr : (Dr. Mohamed Sedeek) Botany and Medicinal Plants (PPC101) Professor Haidy Abdel Moniem Gad, Ph. D Dr Mohamed Shahat Sedeek, Ph. D  Leaves containing alkaloids 1. Solanaceous Leaves ◼Belladonna. ◼ Stramonium. ◼Hyoscyamus 2. Tea leaf 3  General Characters of Family Solanaceae Morphologically Adnation phenomena; genetic fusion of 2 different organs for a certain distance. (Leaves grow fused for a certain distance with the branch arising in their axils) Anatomically 1. Presence of anisocytic stomata. 2. Presence of uniseriate, 3 to 5 celled non-glandular hairs. 3. Presence of glandular hairs with short or long stalk & multicellular, club-shaped head (clavate hair). 4. Presence of phloem on the inner side of the xylem known as perimedullary phloem with collateral V.B. 5. Presence of different types of Calcium oxalate crystals. 6. Presence of starch sheath (endodermis). Chemically Tropane Alkaloids which dilate the eye pupil (Mydriatic 4 alkaloids)****.  Morphology of Solanaceous Leaves Datura stramonium Hyoscyamus Atropa belladonna muticus  Belladonna Leaf Syn.: Deadly Nightshade Origin: Dried leaves with or without the flowering tops of Atropa beladonna Family Solanaceae.  Stramonium Leaf Syn.: Thorn apple leaf Origin: Dried leaves with or without the flowering tops of Datura stramonium Family Solanaceae. 7  Hyoscyamus Leaf ‫اوراق السكران المصرى‬ Syn.: Egyptian Henbane Origin: The dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus muticus Family Solanaceae. 8  Item Belladonna Stramonium Hyoscyamus Shape Broadly ovate Triangular ovate Oval, Rhomboidal Margin Entire***** Irregularly Entire with 2-5 acute Dentate teeth on each side Apex Acuminate Base Symmetric & Asymmetric*** Symmetric decurrent*** Petiole Petiolate Venation Pinnate Pinnate reticulate reticulate, anastomosing near the margin Dorsiventral Isobilateral 9  Belladonna Leaf Anisocytic stomata covered with striated cuticle Idioblast Gland. hair 10 Clavate hair  Stramonium Leaf Anisocytic stomata covered with smooth cuticle Crystal layer Non glandular hair with enlarged base Clavate Hair & covered with streaked cuticle 11  Hyoscyamus Leaf Glandular hair with branched stalk and unicellular head Anisocytic stomata covered with smooth cuticle Clavate Hair Gland. hair 12  Solanaceous leaves A.C.: Tropane Alkaloids: Hyoscyamine Hyoscine Atropine Uses of Solanaceous alkaloids 14  Uses of Solanaceous alkaloids Internally used to reduce secretions e.g. sweat, saliva thus used before surgery (parasympatholytic). Antispasmodic in colics & urinary tract colics & gripping effect caused by the purgatives. Dilate eye pupil (mydriasis). Hyoscine has sedative action thus used in: motion sickness. spasmodic cough. Hyoscine has hypnotic narcotic non-addictive action thus used in insomnia instead of opium due to cerebral & spinal sedative action. 15 Pharmaceutical preparations: Buscopan tablets. Buscopan compositum tablets. Bellacid tablets. 17 ▪ Mayer’s test (general chemical test for alkaloids):**** Mayer’s Powder + dil. HCL Creamy white ppt. reagent ▪ Special Chemical Test: Vitali’s Morin TEST ****** 1.Evaporate till dryness Add 2 drops of 2.cool Conc. HNO3 1 ml alkaloid in HCL 1.Evaporate till dryness 2.cool Yellow color Add 1 drop of 10% VIOLET COLOR Alc. KOH  Tea leaf Origin: Dried prepared leaves & leaf buds of Thea sinensis Family Theaceae 19  Tea leaf Collection and drying (production of black tea) 1. Young tea leaves are collected then cut into pieces 2. The small leaves are spread and subjected to air stream subjected to oxidation (fermentation) for 25 min- 3 hours. Oxidase enzyme Polyphenols Phlobaphenes High antioxidant Oxidation or Lower antioxidant activity fermentation activity Colorless to yellow process Reddish to brown N.B.:The longer the time the oxidation, the more phlobaphenes are produced and the darker is the tea. *****In green tea preparation: There is no oxidation. Leaves are rapidly dried to inactivate the oxidase enzyme and thus keep the polyphenols at high concentration  Tea leaf Active constituents: 1. Alkaloids: mainly caffeine, theobromine & theophylline 2. Tannins and polyphenols: called catechins Caffeine Catechins Nature Alkaloid Type of polyphenol Activity - CNS stimulant - Powerful antioxidant; antiaging, - Mild diuretic lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and to reduce risk of cancer. Side - In overdose (increase heart Chelate iron and reduce its effects rate, anxiety). absorption. -Increase secretion of gastric (Tea interferes with iron acid. (caution, in patients with absorption and can lead to iron peptic ulcer deficiency anemia) -Constipation  Tea leaf ◼Chemical test: Mayer’s test: Negative. ◼Murexide test (Special for xanthine alkaloids): Aqueous extract E.T.D. Residue + HCL E.T.D. Other chemical tests: Residue + NH3 1) Ferric chloride, green (condensed tannins). Purple color KOH Color Disappears  Tea leaf Green tea Black Tea ↑polyphenols ↓polyphenols Its solution is yellow or pale in color due Reddish brown due to phlobaphene to its catechin content content Similar or slightly lower caffeine content Slight higher caffeine content Antioxoidant, reduce risk of The same beneficial uses but with lower cardiovascular diseases and incidence of efficacy cancer. Antiaging Matcha  Matcha Japanese matcha is a type of powdered green tea, grown in a traditional way. Shading of the plants during the growth period enhances the processes of synthesis and accumulation of biologically active compounds.  Matcha - Due to its unique chemical composition and prized flavour, which sets it apart from other tea beverages, it is considered the highest quality tea. - Its health-promoting properties are attributed to the high content of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substances. - Prevent many diseases and support cognitive functions due to its high concentration of phenolic compounds.  Matcha - Caffeine content: CNS stimulant effect. - Regular consumption of matcha may have a positive effect on both physical and mental health. - Shadow growing of the plant decrease the breakdown of theanine amino acid ( so high conc in matcha). - Theanine exhibits a stress-reducing effect in mice and humans. - The combination of theanine and caffeine may enhance concentration and efficiency to a higher extent than the use of either compound alone, additionally alleviating stress  Leaf containing cardiac glycosides Digitalis 28  Digitalis Digitalis purpurea Digitalis lanata Syn.: Purple Foxglove Syn.: Grecian Foxglove. Origin: Dried leaves of Digitalis Origin: Dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea, rapidly dried at lanata, rapidly dried at temperature not exceeding 550 temperature not exceeding 550 Family Scrophulariaceae. Family Scrophulariaceae. 29 Digitalis purpurea Digitalis lanata obtuse acute to acuminate ovate to ovate lanceolate linear lanceolate pinnate reticulate and anastomosing near the pinnate reticulate margin , checquered appear nearly appearance parallel. Crenate Entire and ciliated symmetric decurrent symmetric sessile Winged petiole  Digitalis purpurea D. lanata ovate Linear lanceolate Beaded anticlinal walls Only in D. lanata Collapsed hairs Only in D. purpurea  Digitalis purpurea D. lanata -Margin Crenate Entire -Base of lamina symmetric deccurrent Symmetric, sessile - Hairs at the base No hairs at the base Ciliate at the base -Chequerd Present Absent appearance -Epidermis Wavy walls, no beads Beaded - Collapsed hairs present absent -A.C. (cardiac Cardiac glycosides: Lanatocides A and B glycosides) purpurea glycoside A,B (acetyl of Saponin purpurea Flavones glyc. A,B). -Cardiotonic activity Less More  Digitalis Anomocytic Stomata with beaded anticlinal walls Glandular hair, bicellular head, Non glandular hair, 33 unicellular stalk multicellular uniseriate Cardiac glycosides should contain*******: ◼Steroidal nucleus. ◼Five or six membered lactone ring. ◼2-deoxy sugar e.g. digitoxose. 34  Chemical test for cardiac glycosides Chloroform extract residue Keller Killiani test Baljet’s test for 5- Kedde’s test for for 2-deoxy sugar membered lactone 5-membered lactone ring ring Gl. Acetic acid+2 dps. Fecl3 c. H2SO4 on wall Brown layer at junction & upper Violet color layer is bluish green Orange color 35  Digitalis Uses: 1. It is a cardiotonic. It increases the contractility & improves the tone of the cardiac muscle. It is used in most forms of congestive heart failure & auricular fibrillation. 2. Diuretic. Pharmaceutical dosage forms 36 Leaf containing volatile oils Buchu 37  Buchu ‫اوراق البوكو‬ Origin: Dried leaves of different Barosma species Family Rutaceae Punctate surface due to the presence of schizolysogenous oil gland. 38  Buchu A.C.: Chemical test: ◼Volatile oil; 30% ◼Sudan III Diosphenol ◼Flavone glycoside; ◼ Powder+KOH, Yellow color. Diosmin. ◼Mucilage. ◼Ruthenium red. 39  Buchu ◼Uses: 1. Urinary tract Antiseptic; oil is excreted by the kidneys rendering the urine acidic. 2. Diosmin is used in the treatment of capillary fragility (varicose veins).  Guava Leaf Origin: Dried leaves of Psdium guajava, Family Myrtaceae. 41  Guava leaf A.C.: 1-Volatile oil (cineol, Limonene, Pinene & Cadinol). 2- Tannin. 3- Flavonoids (Quercetin). 4- Phenolic glycosides Uses: 1- Astringent due to presence of tannin 2- Antiseptic & cough sedative for respiratory tract and in cough mixtures 42  Eucalyptus leaf Plant Constituents Uses Eucalyptus 1. Volatile oil (cineole 1. Muscle pain relief. globulus 50%,) (Eucalyptol) 2. For asthma F. Myrtaceae 2.Tannin. 3. The volatile oil has 3. Flavonoids. antiseptic properties and has ‫اوراق شجر الكافور‬ been used as an ingredient in lozenges and other R.T. preparations. 10/23/2024 Leaf containing glycosides Henna 44  Henna leaf Origin: Dried leaves of Lawsonia alba Fam. Lythraceae. 45  Henna leaf Active Constituents: 1-Coloring matter (naphthaquinone glycosides) Lawsone 2- Mucilage (Methylene blue) Medicinal Uses: 1. Henna is used as dye for the hair and wool. 2. Anti-fungal in nail infection and hair. 46  Henna extracts containing lawsone are used as hair and skin dyes. Give reason: Lawsone reacts chemically with the protein known as keratin in skin and hair, resulting in a strong permanent stain that lasts until the skin or hair is shed. 47