Fundamentals of Biology Lecture 5 PDF

Species of the Day: Wandering albatross Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae Genus: Diomedea Species: D. exulans Fundamentals of Biology FNR 201: Marine Biology Sunlight is the first step in most ecosystems Sunlight is the fi...

Species of the Day: Wandering albatross Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae Genus: Diomedea Species: D. exulans Fundamentals of Biology FNR 201: Marine Biology Sunlight is the first step in most ecosystems Sunlight is the first step in most ecosystems C6H12O6 Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules Molecule containing a very large number of atoms 4 major classes include: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids 1. Carbohydrates Translation: “Carbon water” Contain C, H, and O frequently in a 1:2:1 ratio Referred to as sugars Monosaccharides: Simple sugars Basic fuel molecule for living cells (i.e.- glucose) Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked together Used to transport sugars within marine plants i.e.- Sucrose = glucose + fructose Polysaccharides: Chains of monosaccharides (3+) Polymers (molecules with repeating units) 1. Carbohydrates Translation: “Carbon water” Contain C, H, and O frequently in a 1:2:1 ratio Referred to as sugars Monosaccharides: Simple sugars Basic fuel molecule for living cells (i.e.- glucose) Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked together Used to transport sugars within marine plants i.e.- Sucrose = glucose + fructose Polysaccharides: Chains of monosaccharides (3+) Polymers (molecules with repeating units) Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria Polysaccharides Starches: glucose chains that are easily separated Serve as energy storage Produced by plants, algae, and microorganisms Cellulose: glucose chains highly resistant to separation Serve as structural components in cell walls Chitin: Modified glucose chain highly resistant to separation Structural component of invertebrate exoskeleton Primary production vs respiration Primary production vs respiration 2. Lipids Includes Fats, oils & waxes Composed primarily of C & H Triglycerides: simple fats Store energy, Provide insulation and buoyancy Steroids: Chemical messengers within animals Waxes: Protective coating on exposed surfaces Primary in plants, but also some animals Created from carbohydrates! Once glycogen stores are full, excess is converted into fats. 3. Proteins Polymers of amino acids 20 total amino acids exist in living organisms Polypeptides: chains of amino acids coiled & folded into complex, 3- dimensional protein molecules Functions of Proteins Primary structural components of animal muscles & connective tissue Enzymes: biological catalysts that speed up rate of chemical reactions Essential to carry out all chemical reactions in organisms Chemical transport or storage (e.g., hemoglobin) 4. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid = Polymers of nucleotides Nucleotides = monosaccharide + nitrogen base + phosphate group Two types: DNA RNA DNA DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid Double-stranded & helix-shaped Contains: Deoxyribose (sugar) A phosphate group Nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine) Genes Instructions for protein synthesis RNA RNA = Ribonucleic acid Usually single-stranded Contains: Ribose (sugar) Phosphate group Nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil) Evolved specific roles in cell Protein synthesis Messengers (mRNA) Translators (rRNA) Protein synthesis Central dogma = DNA to RNA to protein Levels of Organization Levels of Organization  Cells Basic units of living organism Consists primarily of different molecules Prokaryotic cells Bacteria and Archaea Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Contain a circular ring of DNA Prokaryotic organisms are always unicellular Eukaryotic cells Have a well-defined nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles Eukaryotes may be uni-(e.g., yeast) or multi-cellular (e.g., humans) Eukaryotic Cells Organelles in Eukaryotic Organisms Nucleus – contains the chromosomes, which contain the DNA Mitochondria - site of cellular respiration Golgi complex - manufacture, package, and transport cellular products such as proteins Ribosomes - site of the manufacturing of proteins Chloroplasts - site of photosynthesis Vacuoles - storage of water and nutrients Osmosis Osmosis ◼ Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane high to low!! Solutes cannot move! Water can move! Hypotonic Hypertonic Osmosis Freshwater fish are hypertonic to surrounding fresh water high to low!!! Freshwater fish Freshwater fish  Osmoregulation: freshwater species Blood plasma salt concentration > FW salt concentration - no drinking - large urine volume Active transport - Salts lost by diffusion Passive diffusion - obtained via active transport; and feeding Osmoregulation: marine species Marine fish Marine fish Marine fish are hypotonic to surrounding salt water Osmoregulation: marine species Marine fish Water diffuses out of gills drink large volumes of sea water conserve water by producing small volume of urine salts actively transported out of gills Marine and Freshwater fish Salt Excretion Endothermy Humans = 37 degrees C Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup Domains What is ecology? ECOLOGY Oiko logo (“house”) (“study”) “The study of our house” What is ecology? “The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their abiotic environment” ” What is a population? Population = A group of individuals of the same species that live together and interact “interact” includes reproduction and competition Interactions among organisms Competition intraspecific interspecific Predation Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism  Competition Organisms compete for resources = a feature of the environment required for growth, survival or reproduction and which can be consumed or used to the point of depletion Examples: food, water, light, space, mates, nutrients, nesting sites, brightly colored objects (Bower birds) Interaction: -,- Intraspecific competition = competition among members of the same species for food, space, mates Affects: occurs when resources are birth rate limited mortality rate growth rate Responses to intraspecific competition Social hierarchies Territoriality https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BjexNXJYblQ Responses to intraspecific competition Social hierarchies: dominant individuals have greater access to food, territory, mates Territoriality: competition for space Interspecific competition = competition among different species for food and space Affects: growth rate, reproduction, survival Predation Predation = The biological interaction where the predator (the consumer) feeds on its prey (the species being attacked) Examples: Pike eating perch, Terns eating fish, Perch eating insects Interaction: +,- Predator-prey relationships Fish are both predator & prey Fish predators control populations of prey Interactions among organisms Competition intraspecific interspecific Predation – on fish and by fish Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Symbiosis Symbiosis = a relationship in which two species live in close physiological contact with each other Often used incorrectly → NOT the same thing as mutualism Parasitism Parasite = an organism that lives in or on a host organism and feeds on its tissues or body fluids Often a symbiosis Estimated that ~50% of species on earth are parasites Pathogen = a parasite that causes disease Interaction: +,- Parasitism ◼ Parasitism One species benefits, cost for other species Fishes as parasites and hosts lake trout & sea lamprey Symbiosis: parasitism replacement tongue Parasitic isopods red snapper Mutualism Mutualism = a mutually beneficial interaction between individuals of two species Symbiosis ◼ Mutualism  Mutual gain or benefit Interaction: +,+ cleaner wrasse on potato cod Symbiosis ◼ Mutualism Interaction: +,+  Commensalism Commensalism = an interaction between individuals where one benefits the other, but is not harmed Often occurs where one organism provides habitat for the other Interaction: +,0 Commensalism example: kelp forests Provides habitat for many juvenile fish Symbiosis ◼ Commensalism  Only one species benefits, no cost/benefit for other