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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of polysaccharides like starch in marine ecosystems?
What is the primary function of polysaccharides like starch in marine ecosystems?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between carbohydrates and lipids?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between carbohydrates and lipids?
Why is sunlight considered the "first step" in most ecosystems?
Why is sunlight considered the "first step" in most ecosystems?
What is a key distinction between starches and cellulose in terms of their structure?
What is a key distinction between starches and cellulose in terms of their structure?
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Considering their composition, which of the following molecules would likely be classified as a lipid?
Considering their composition, which of the following molecules would likely be classified as a lipid?
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What is the primary function of chitin in marine ecosystems?
What is the primary function of chitin in marine ecosystems?
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Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a disaccharide?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of a disaccharide?
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What is the fundamental difference between primary production and respiration?
What is the fundamental difference between primary production and respiration?
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What is the primary function of triglycerides within marine organisms?
What is the primary function of triglycerides within marine organisms?
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Which of the following is a primary source of carbohydrates for marine organisms?
Which of the following is a primary source of carbohydrates for marine organisms?
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What is the role of enzymes in biological systems?
What is the role of enzymes in biological systems?
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Which structure is characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Which structure is characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
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What defines the primary function of nucleic acids?
What defines the primary function of nucleic acids?
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Which of the following correctly describes the structure of DNA?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of DNA?
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Which component of the eukaryotic cell is primarily responsible for energy production?
Which component of the eukaryotic cell is primarily responsible for energy production?
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How does osmosis differ from simple diffusion?
How does osmosis differ from simple diffusion?
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Which type of ARN is primarily responsible for translating mRNA into proteins?
Which type of ARN is primarily responsible for translating mRNA into proteins?
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What is the primary method through which freshwater fish gain salts lost by diffusion?
What is the primary method through which freshwater fish gain salts lost by diffusion?
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In marine fish, what is the typical osmotic condition compared to the surrounding water?
In marine fish, what is the typical osmotic condition compared to the surrounding water?
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What is the relationship described by the central dogma of molecular biology?
What is the relationship described by the central dogma of molecular biology?
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Which type of competition occurs between individuals of different species?
Which type of competition occurs between individuals of different species?
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What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
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What component makes up the structure of ribonucleic acid (RNA)?
What component makes up the structure of ribonucleic acid (RNA)?
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What characterizes a mutualistic relationship in symbiosis?
What characterizes a mutualistic relationship in symbiosis?
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What interaction is characterized by one species benefiting while the other is harmed?
What interaction is characterized by one species benefiting while the other is harmed?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of competition in ecological interactions?
Which of the following is NOT a type of competition in ecological interactions?
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What is the primary effect of intraspecific competition on a population?
What is the primary effect of intraspecific competition on a population?
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What role do predator-prey relationships play in ecosystems?
What role do predator-prey relationships play in ecosystems?
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In what type of symbiotic relationship is one organism neither helped nor harmed?
In what type of symbiotic relationship is one organism neither helped nor harmed?
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What is the ultimate goal of ecology as a scientific study?
What is the ultimate goal of ecology as a scientific study?
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Flashcards
Wandering albatross
Wandering albatross
A species of large seabird known for its extensive wingspan and ability to glide over oceans.
Macromolecules
Macromolecules
Large molecules typically composed of thousands of atoms; essential for life.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; often in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides
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Disaccharides
Disaccharides
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Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Glycogen
Glycogen
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Starches
Starches
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Lipids
Lipids
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Triglycerides
Triglycerides
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Excess glucose
Excess glucose
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Amino acids
Amino acids
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Polypeptides
Polypeptides
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Proteins functions
Proteins functions
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
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DNA
DNA
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RNA
RNA
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Central dogma
Central dogma
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Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells
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Osmosis
Osmosis
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Osmoregulation in freshwater fish
Osmoregulation in freshwater fish
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Osmoregulation in marine fish
Osmoregulation in marine fish
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Ecology
Ecology
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Population
Population
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Intraspecific competition
Intraspecific competition
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Interspecific competition
Interspecific competition
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Predation
Predation
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Symbiosis
Symbiosis
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Parasitism
Parasitism
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Mutualism
Mutualism
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Study Notes
Wandering Albatross
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Aves
- Order: Procellariiformes
- Family: Diomedeidae
- Genus: Diomedea
- Species: D. exulans
Fundamentals of Biology
- FNR 201: Marine Biology
Sunlight in Ecosystems
- Sunlight is the initial energy source in most ecosystems.
Photosynthesis
- Sunlight fuels photosynthesis in organisms.
- Chlorophyll captures solar energy.
- Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are transformed into glucose (C6H12O6), an organic compound.
- Oxygen (O2) is released into the environment.
- Chemical energy (ATP) is stored.
- Seaweed is an example of an organism involved in this process.
Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are large molecules with many atoms.
- Four major classes:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
- Translation: "Carbon water"
- Composed of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio.
- Referred to as sugars.
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) are a basic fuel source for cells.
- Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides linked together. (e.g., sucrose = glucose + fructose) used in transport in marine plants.
- Polysaccharides: Chains of monosaccharides (3+). Polymers, molecules with repeating units. (e.g., glycogen).
- Glycogen: Multi-branched polysaccharide of glucose, used for energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria.
- Other polysaccharides include starches, cellulose, and chitin.
- Starches: Easily separated glucose chains, stored energy in plants, algae, and microorganisms.
- Cellulose: Glucose chains resistant to separation, part of cell walls.
- Chitin: Modified glucose chain, resistant to separation, part of invertebrate exoskeletons.
Lipids
- Includes fats, oils, and waxes.
- Composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen (C & H).
- Triglycerides: Simple fats, store energy, provide insulation, and buoyancy.
- Steroids: Chemical messengers in animals.
- Waxes: Protective coatings on plant surfaces, but also present in some animals.
- Excess glucose is converted to fats when glycogen stores are full.
Proteins
- Polymers of amino acids.
- 20 different amino acids exist in living organisms.
- Polypeptides: Chains of amino acids coiled and folded into complex, three-dimensional protein molecules.
- Functional roles:
- Structural components of animal muscles and connective tissues.
- Enzymes: Catalysts for chemical reactions in organisms.
- Chemical transport or storage (e.g., hemoglobin).
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
- Nucleotides = monosaccharide + nitrogen base + phosphate group.
- Two types:
- DNA
- RNA
DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded helix.
- Contains:
- Deoxyribose (sugar)
- A phosphate group
- Nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine)
- Genes: Instructions for protein synthesis.
RNA
- Ribonucleic acid, usually single-stranded.
- Contains:
- Ribose (sugar)
- A phosphate group
- Nitrogen base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil)
- Evolves specific roles in cells. Roles include:
- Protein synthesis
- Messengers (mRNA)
- Translators (rRNA)
Protein Synthesis
- Central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein, a process that occurs in cells.
- Transcription and RNA splicing occur in the nucleus.
- mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm.
- Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
Levels of Organization
- Cell: The smallest living unit. Contains DNA, a cell membrane, etc.
- Tissue: Groups of cells working together on a specific task.
- Organ: Two or more tissues interacting to perform a task.
- Organ System: A group of organs working together to carry out a specific task.
- Multicellular organism: Individual made of multiple tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Cells
- Basic units of living organisms.
- Prokaryotic cells
- Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Bacteria and Archaea.
- Contain a circular ring of DNA.
- Unicellular.
- Eukaryotic cells
- Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotes may be unicellular (e.g., yeasts) or multicellular (e.g., humans).
Organelles in Eukaryotic Organisms
- Nucleus: Contains chromosomes (with DNA).
- Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration.
- Golgi complex: Manufactures, packages, and transports cellular products (e.g., proteins).
- Ribosomes: Site of protein synthesis.
- Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis.
- Vacuoles: Storage of water and nutrients.
Osmosis
- Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, from high water concentration to low.
- The movement of water.
- Water flow can affect cells depending on concentration of water.
- Important for homeostasis.
Osmoregulation - Freshwater Species
- Blood plasma salt concentration higher than the surrounding freshwater.
- No drinking.
- Large urine volume.
- Salts lost via diffusion.
- Salts obtained through active transport, and by feeding.
Osmoregulation - Marine Species
- Blood plasma salt concentration lower than the surrounding seawater.
- Drink large volumes of seawater
- Conserve water by producing small volume of urine.
- Salts actively transported out of gills.
Salt Excretion
- Salt glands in certain animals for excess salt excretion.
Endothermy
- Classification of animals by their response to changes in external temperature.
- Homeotherms maintain stable internal temperatures.
- Endotherms generate metabolic heat to maintain internal temperature.
- Ectotherms' temperature varies with external temperature
Biological Classification
- Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup (taxonomic hierarchy) to classify organisms into domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, species.
- Example organisms/species classified using the mentioned hierarchy is listed.
Domains
- Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
- Eukaryotes: Animals, Fungi, Plants and Protists.
Ecology
- Ecology: The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their abiotic environment.
- Oikos (house) + Logos (study), or the study of our house.
Populations
- Population: A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same place and interact.
Interactions Among Organisms
- Competition
- Intraspecific: Among members of the same species.
- Factors affected are birth rate, mortality rate, and growth rate.
- Responses to intraspecific competition include: social hierarchies and territory.
- Interspecific: Between members of different species.
- Factors affected are growth rate, reproduction and survival
- Intraspecific: Among members of the same species.
- Predation: A biological interaction where the predator feeds on its prey (predator, prey).
- Symbiosis: a close relationship between two species.
- Mutualism: Both species benefit.
- Commensalism: One species benefits, and the other species is neither harmed nor helped.
- Parasitism: One species (parasite) benefits, and the other species (host) is harmed.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the roles of various carbohydrates and lipids in marine ecosystems. This quiz explores functions of polysaccharides, distinctions between starch and cellulose, and the importance of primary production. It’s perfect for anyone studying marine biology or ecological relationships.
