Lecture 4 - Software PDF

Principles of Information Systems, Thirteenth Edition Chapter 4 Software and Mobile Applications © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license dis...

Principles of Information Systems, Thirteenth Edition Chapter 4 Software and Mobile Applications © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or ‹#› service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Define the term “sphere of influence,” and describe how it can be used to classify software 2. Define the basic functions performed by the operating system 3. Identify current operating systems that are used for personal, workgroup, and enterprise computing 4. Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives 5. Identify programming languages in use today 6. Identify several key software issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  An Overview of Software Software Consists of computer programs that control the workings of computer hardware Software can be divided into two types: System software – includes operating system (OS), utilities, and middleware that coordinate the activities and functions of the hardware and other programs Loading… Application software – programs that help users solve particular computing problems © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Software Sphere of Influence Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a particular organization Personal sphere of influence Serves the needs of an individual user Personal productivity software Enables users to improve their personal effectiveness © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Software Sphere of Influence Workgroup: two or more people working together to achieve a common goal Workgroup sphere of influence Helps workgroup members attain their common goals Enterprise sphere of influence Loading… Serves the needs of the firm in its interaction with its environment © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Systems Software Controls the operations of computer hardware Supports the application programs’ problem-solving capabilities Types of systems software Operating systems Utility programs Middleware © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Operating Systems A set of programs that controls computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Operating Systems Kernel The heart of the operating system Controls the most critical processes of the OS Ties all of the OS components together and regulates other programs Rescue disk A storage device that contains some or all of the OS and can be used to start the computer if having trouble with the primary hard disk © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Operating Systems Functions performed by the OS Control common computer hardware functions Provide a user interface and input/output management Provide a degree of hardware independence Manage system memory Manage processing tasks Provide networking capability Control access to system resources Manage files © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Operating Systems Common Hardware Functions Get input from keyboard or another input device Retrieve data from disks Store data on disks Display information on a monitor or printer User Interface and Input/Output Management A user interface allows individuals to access and interact with the computer system A command-based user interface requires text commands A graphical user interface (GUI) - The user interacts with icons and menus to send commands to the computer system © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Operating Systems Loading… © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Operating Systems Other user interfaces: A natural user interface (NUI) or multitouch interface Speech recognition Sight interfaces Brain interfaces Hardware Independence Application program interface (API): a set of programming instructions and standards for one software program to access and use the services of another software program Hardware independence allows software development without concern for the specific underlying hardware © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Operating Systems Memory Management Allows the computer to execute program instructions effectively and to speed processing Virtual memory: hard disk space is allocated to supplement the immediate, functional memory capacity of RAM - Paging Processing Tasks: Five basic task management techniques Multiuser: allows two or more users to run programs at the same time on one computer Multiprocessing: supports running a program on more than one CPU Multitasking: allows more than one program to run concurrently Multithreading: allows different threads of a single program to run concurrently Real time: responds to input instantly © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Operating Systems Networking Capability Allows computers in a network to send and receive data and share computing resources Access to System Resources and Security Provides protection against unauthorized access to the users’ data and programs Establishes a logon procedure - May control access to specific system resources Tracks who is using the system, length of use, and attempted security breaches © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Operating Systems File Management Ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed Protects files from access by unauthorized users © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Current Operating Systems © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Personal Computing Operating Systems Microsoft PC OS As of Windows 10, Microsoft is moving away from releasing major new versions, but will provide ongoing, incremental upgrades and improvements © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Personal Computing Operating Systems Apple Computer OS Mac OS X has been upgraded multiple times First eight versions were named after big cats Latest versions are named after places in California Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan is the latest version Mac users can set up their computers to run both Windows and Mac OS X Linux Open-source operating system © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Personal Computing Operating Systems © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Personal Computing Operating Systems Google: Android and Chrome Chrome OS - Linux-based operating system designed for notebooks and desktop PCs - Designed to run on inexpensive low-power computers Chromium OS: an open-source version of Chrome OS Android: an operating system for mobile devices - 80 percent of mobile phones worldwide use Android © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Workgroup Operating Systems Windows Server provides: A powerful Web server management system Virtualization tools that allow various operating systems to run on a single server Advanced security features Robust administrative support UNIX Can be used on many computer system types and platforms © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Workgroup Operating Systems Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server can manage a cluster of several servers Mac OS X Server First modern server OS from Apple Based on the UNIX OS Makes it easy to collaborate, develop software, host Web sites and wikis, configure Mac and iOS devices, and remotely access a network © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Enterprise Operating Systems Examples of mainframe OSs z/OS: IBM’s first 64-bit enterprise OS HP-UX from Hewlett-Packard Linux © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Mobile Operating Systems Smartphones employ full-fledged computer OSs Google Android Apple iOS Microsoft Windows Phone © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Embedded Operating Systems Embedded system: a computer system (including a processor) implanted in and dedicated to the control of another device Popular OSs for embedded systems Windows embedded Proprietary Linux-based systems: Sony’s Wii; and OSs in e-book readers, ATMs, smartphones, networking devices, and media players © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Utility Programs Utility program: a program that helps to perform maintenance or correct problems with a system © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Utility Programs Hardware utilities Security utilities File-compression utilities Spam-filtering utilities Network and Internet utilities Server and mainframe utilities Other utilities: mobile device management (MDM), defraggers, system cleaners, etc. © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Middleware Middleware Software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data Can also be used as an interface between the Internet and private corporate systems Enterprise application integration (EAI): tying together of disparate applications Service-oriented architecture (SOA): a software design approach using modules to provide specific functions as services to other applications © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Application Software Application programs’ primary function To apply the power of the computer to enable people, workgroups, and the entire enterprise to solve problems and perform specific tasks Many software options are available Software can be selected that best meets the needs of the individual, workgroup, or enterprise Loading… © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Overview of Application Software Proprietary software: a one-of-a-kind program for a specific application Owned by the company, organization, or person that uses it Off-the-shelf software: software mass-produced by software vendors Addresses needs that are common across businesses, organizations, or individuals © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Overview of Application Software © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Overview of Application Software Cloud service providers Companies that provide software, data storage, and other services via the Internet Software as a service (SaaS) Businesses subscribe to Web-delivered business application software Vendors include Oracle, SAP, NetSuite, Salesforce, and Google Amazon is considered one of the leading public cloud service providers because of Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Personal Application Software Word Processing Create, edit, and print text documents Spreadsheet Analysis Perform statistical, financial, logical, database, graphics, and date and time calculations using a wide range of built-in functions Database Applications Store, manipulate, and retrieve data © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Personal Application Software Presentation Graphics Program Develop graphs, illustrations, drawings, and presentations Personal Information Managers Helps people, groups, and organizations store useful information, such as a list of tasks to complete or a set of names and addresses © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Personal Application Software Software Suites and Integrated Software Packages A collection of single programs packaged together in a bundle Suites can include: word processor, spreadsheet, database management, graphics, communications tools, and organizers Programs are designed to work similarly Bundled suite is cost effective © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Personal Application Software Other Personal Application Software TurboTax: tax-preparation program Software for creating Web pages and sites, composing music, and editing photos and videos Educational and reference Entertainment, games, and leisure Computer-assisted design (CAD) Statistical software: SPSS and SAS © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Personal Application Software Mobile Application Software Number of apps has exploded Hundreds of thousands of applications have been developed by third parties Thousands of applications are available for iPhones from the Apple App Store Over one million apps are available in the Android market on Google’s Play Store Microsoft and other software companies are investing in mobile app software © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Personal Application Software © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Workgroup Application Software Workgroup application software Designed to support teamwork with people in the same location or dispersed around the world Groupware helps groups of people work together more effectively Also called collaborative software © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Enterprise Application Software Enterprise application software Software that benefits an entire organization Helps managers and workers stay connected Cost, installation and ability to integrate with other software are major considerations in selecting this software Usability on smartphones and mobile devices is also an important factor © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Application Software for Transaction Processing, Business Analytics, and Competitive Advantage Available in every industry Examples: Blackboard and other learning management software Software to visualize and analyze the human genome Natural resource planning © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Programming Languages Programming languages Sets of keywords, commands, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements Allows humans to communicate instructions to a computer Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language Compiler: a special software program that converts the programmer’s source code into the machine-language instructions Software development kits (SDKs) and integrated development environments (IDEs) have made software development easier than ever IDE combines all the tools required for software engineering into one package SDKs often serve the purpose of an IDE for a particular platform © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Programming Languages © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Programming Languages © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Software Issues and Trends Software issues: Software bugs Copyrights and licensing Freeware and open-source software Upgrades Global software support © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Software Bugs Software bug: a defect in a program that keeps it from performing as it should Tips for reducing the impact of software bugs Register all software Check read-me files for solutions to known problems Access the support area of the manufacturer’s Web site for patches Install the latest software updates Make sure you can recreate the bug and then call the manufacturer’s tech support line © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Copyrights and Licenses Most software products are protected by law using copyright or licensing provisions: In some cases, you are given unlimited use of software on one or two computers In other cases, you pay for your usage; if you use the software more, you pay more Some software now requires that you register or activate it before it can be fully used Single-user license Permits you to install the software on one or more computers, used by one person © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Freeware and Open-Source Software Freeware: software that is made available to the public for free Open-source software: distributed, typically for free, with the source code © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Freeware and Open-Source Software © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Freeware and Open-Source Software GNU General Public License (GPL) grants you the right to: Run the program for any purpose Study how the program works and adapt it to your needs Redistribute copies so you can help others Improve the program and release improvements to the public © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Software Upgrades Software companies revise their programs and sell new versions periodically Software upgrades vary widely in the benefits that they provide Developing an upgrading strategy is important for many businesses Helps to ensure that updated software is more stable with fewer errors and problems © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Global Software Support Supporting local operations is one of the biggest challenges IS teams face when putting together standardized, company-wide systems Outsourcing global support to one or more third-party distributors is gaining acceptance © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.  Summary Software is valuable in helping individuals, workgroups, and entire enterprises achieve their goals The OS is called the “soul of the computer” because it controls how you enter data into your computer, perform meaningful work, and display results Organizations typically use off-the-shelf software to meet common business needs and proprietary software to meet unique business needs The software industry continues to undergo constant change; computer users need to be aware of recent trends and issues in the software industry to be effective in their business and personal life © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or ‹#› otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.