Lecture 4 - Plumbing Materials.pdf

CENG112 – ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 I. PLUMBING MATERIALS Not all of these materials enumerated however will be used in one plumbing system installation. The choice of the kind of pipe to be installed depends upon the following consideration:...

CENG112 – ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 I. PLUMBING MATERIALS Not all of these materials enumerated however will be used in one plumbing system installation. The choice of the kind of pipe to be installed depends upon the following consideration: Quality and Durability Resistance to external and internal contact with foreign matters Resistance to acid waste and other chemical elements that will pass into it Cost of Materials and Labor A. PLASTIC PIPES – made from various types of synthetic polymers (plastics). These pipes have become a popular alternative to traditional materials like metal due to their lightweight nature, corrosion resistance, and ease of installation. 1. PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) PIPES Common replacement for metal piping PVC is synonymous with “pipe” because it is widely utilized in residential plumbing for waste drainage and vent applications Rigid pipe, lightweight, durable, and resistant to chemicals and corrosion Sensitive to high temperatures and can soften or deform at temperatures above 60°C (140°F) Easily cut and fit Color: Blue – water supply lines; gray, orange, or brown – sanitary, waste, and vent lines Prevalent Use: cold water supply, and drainage systems Joint Connection: Solvent Cement (Gluing) – involves using solvent-based adhesive that effectively softens the surfaces of the materials being bonded, allowing them to fuse together chemically Sizes: Inside Diameter (I.D.) - 1/2", 3/4”, 1”, 1-1/4”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” Standard Length: 3 meters 2. uPVC (UNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) PIPES PVC without added plasticizers (softening agents) to reduce the brittleness of the PVC pipe More rigid and durable than regular PVC It is often used in outdoor installations because it does not degrade in sunlight Color: Blue – water supply lines; gray, or orange– sanitary, waste, and vent lines Prevalent Use: cold water supply, and drainage systems Joint Connection: Solvent Cement (Gluing) AR. KEVIN BENJAMIN T. MARQUEZ, UAP, RMP 1  CENG112 – ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Sizes: Inside Diameter (I.D.) - 1/2", 3/4”, 1”, 1-1/4”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” Standard Length: 3 meters 3. CPVC (CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE) PIPES PVC that has been chlorinated to improve its temperature resistance allowing CPVC to handle hot water compared to regular PVC More flexible than uPVC, but not as flexible as PVC Excellent chemical resistance, especially to acids and alkalis Color: Off-white, Light Grey, or Yellow Prevalent Use: hot water supply line, and potable water supply line Joint Connection: Solvent Cement (Gluing) Sizes: Inside Diameter (I.D.) - 1/2", 3/4”, 1”, 1-1/4”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” Standard Length: 3 meters 4. PE (POLYEHTYLENE) PIPES Flexible plastic tube, lightweight, flexible, and durable Resistant to corrosion, chemicals, and environmental conditions Available as Rigid Pipe or Flexible Pipe (rolled-up coils) Color: Black-colored pipe with color-coded stripe for various application Prevalent Use: potable water supply line Joint Connection: Butt Fusion Welding - creates a strong, continuous joint by heating and fusing the ends of the pipes together Socket Fusion - both the pipe end and the fitting are heated with a fusion tool; the softened pipe is then inserted into the fitting, and once cooled, forms a strong, leak-proof joint Electrofusion - electrical current is used to heat and melt the surfaces of thermoplastic pipes and fittings (fittings contain built-in heating elements that, when electrically activated, generate the heat needed to fuse the pipe and fitting together) Compression Fittings - uses a compression ring and nut to create a tight seal around the pipe by tightening the nut. Mechanical Fittings - uses mechanical means such as compression, flanges, or slip couplings, rather than heat or welding Sizes: Outside Diameter (O.D.) - 1/2", 3/4”, 1”, 1-1/4”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” Standard Length: 6 meters for straight rigid pipe; 25M to 200M for coiled or rolled-up pipes AR. KEVIN BENJAMIN T. MARQUEZ, UAP, RMP 2  CENG112 – ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 5. LDPE PIPES soft and flexible type of polyethylene with lower density used for low-pressure applications lower melting point Color: Black (most common in the market), Blue (potable water) Prevalent Use: low pressure water distribution line, and irrigation Joint Connection: Compression Fittings - uses a compression ring and nut to create a tight seal around the pipe by tightening the nut Barbed Fittings - Features ridges that grip the inside of the pipe; secured with a hose clamp for a tight connection Push-fit Fittings - Simple connection where the pipe is pushed into the fitting without tools Butt Fusion Welding Electrofusion Sizes: Outside Diameter (O.D.) - 1/2", 3/4”, 1”, 1-1/4”, 1-1/2”, 2” Standard Length: 50 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters (coils); 6 meters (straight lengths for larger diameters) 6. HDPE PIPES stronger and more rigid material with a higher density compared to LDPE resistant to a range of chemicals and environmental conditions commonly used for industrial settings, suitable for fluid and gas transfer Color: Black (often with blue stripes to indicate they are used for potable water supply) Prevalent Use: Commonly used in sewer and stormwater drainage systems because of their resistance to chemical attacks and abrasion, or high-pressure water supply lines Joint Connection: Butt Fusion Welding Electrofusion Mechanical Fittings Socket Fusion Sizes: Outside Diameter (O.D.) - 1/2", 3/4”, 1”, 1-1/4”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 3”, 4”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” Standard Length: 50 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters (coils); 6 meters, 12 meters (straight lengths for larger diameters) 7. ABS (ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE) PIPES Rigid pipe resistant to corrosive chemicals and has a low melting temperature AR. KEVIN BENJAMIN T. MARQUEZ, UAP, RMP 3  CENG112 – ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 High strength, high impact thermoplastic Can withstand low temperatures well without becoming brittle, though they are not ideal for high-temperature applications Color: Black Prevalent Use: DWV systems in residential and commercial application Joint Connection: Solvent Cement (Gluing) Sizes: Inside Diameter (I.D.) - 1-1/4”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 3”, 4”, 5”, 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” Standard Length: 3 meters 8. PEX PIPES (CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE) Flexible, durable plastic pipes commonly used for plumbing and heating applications Flexible and can bend around corners, reducing the need for fittings Resistant to corrosion, scaling, and chlorine. Durable with a long lifespan, even in extreme temperatures. Color: Red (Hot), Blue (Cold), White or Gray (can be used for either hot or cold- water lines) Prevalent Use: Water supply systems (both hot and cold water) Joint Connection: Crimp Fittings - a copper or stainless steel crimp ring is placed over the pipe, and a crimping tool is used to secure the ring onto the fitting Clamp Fittings - a stainless steel clamp is tightened using a cinch clamp tool, securing the pipe onto the fitting. Push-fit Fittings - simply push the PEX pipe into the fitting, and internal grip rings and O-rings create a secure seal. Expansion Fittings - the PEX pipe is expanded using an expansion tool, and then it shrinks back onto the fitting as it cools, creating a tight seal. Compression Fittings Sizes: Outside Diameter (O.D.) - 3/8”, 1/2", 3/4", 1” Standard Length: 30 meters, 90 meters, 150 meters (coils) 9. PPR PIPES (Polypropylene Random Copolymer) High resistance to pressure and temperature fluctuations Resistant to chemicals and corrosion PPR pipes have low thermal conductivity, which minimizes heat loss in hot water systems Color: Commonly white with stripe coloring, or green Prevalent Use: Hot and Cold water supply line AR. KEVIN BENJAMIN T. MARQUEZ, UAP, RMP 4  CENG112 – ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Joint Connection: Socket Fusion Weld - a heating tool is used to soften both the outer surface of the pipe and the inner surface of the fitting, after which the pipe and fitting are pushed together to fuse as they cool. Butt Fusion – for larger diameter pipes Sizes: Outer Diameter - 20mm, 25mm, 32mm (1/2”, 3/4", 1”) Standard Length: 4 meters B. METAL PIPES - made from various metals and metal alloys used for transporting liquids, gases, and other materials. They are known for their strength, durability, and ability to withstand high pressure and temperature. Metal pipes have been used in a wide range of applications, from plumbing and construction to industrial systems. 1. BRASS PIPES Alloy of copper and zinc Highly resistant to corrosion, especially from water Long lifespan and can withstand high temperatures and pressures Brass has natural antimicrobial properties, which can help in reducing bacterial Growth in water systems Prevalent Use: Water supply line, particularly hot water lines Joint Connection: Soldering - This method involves melting a filler metal (solder) to join brass pipes Brazing - A process similar to soldering but uses a higher temperature to melt a filler metal that joins the brass pieces Threaded Connections Compression Fittings Sizes: 1/2”, 3/4", 1” Standard Length: 6 meters 2. COPPER PIPES Made of small diameter Durable because it is resistant to rust Has high thermal conductivity, allowing it to efficiently transfer heat Copper has natural antimicrobial properties, which can help reduce the growth of bacteria and pathogens in water systems Prevalent Use: Hot and cold water supply lines, drainage systems (Type DWV) Joint Connection: AR. KEVIN BENJAMIN T. MARQUEZ, UAP, RMP 5  CENG112 – ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Flared Connections - The end of the pipe is expanded into a conical shape using a flaring tool. This creates a wider surface area that can fit snugly into a corresponding fitting. Soldering Brazing Compression Fittings Sizes: 1/4", 3/8”, 1/2”, 3/4", 1”, 2” Standard Length: 6 meters (rigid pipe), 30 meters (coil) 3. LEAD PIPE Historically, lead pipes were widely used in plumbing systems, particularly for water supply and drainage High corrosion resistance, flexibility, and hydraulic coefficient of flow Lead content in water can lead to poisoning effects that are harmful to people, thus, it is not preferred. Due to health concerns, many countries have phased out the use of lead pipes Connected using means of a wiped tuft joint (made by manipulating a mass of molten solder into a neat shape over a joint and smoothing it with a moleskin cloth before the solder solidifies) 4. CAST IRON (CI) PIPES Made up of alloy of iron and carbon (2 - 3.5%) The carbon content that gives cast iron its rough, slightly bumpy feel. Its higher carbon content makes cast iron more brittle than steel (which is why it needs to be so heavy and thick Cast iron pipes are strong, durable pipes made from molten cast iron that is poured into molds Cast iron pipes are heavy and rigid, making them suitable for applications where strength and longevity are required Used for city water-distribution systems due to its high resistance to corrosion and consequent long life Prevalent Use: Sewage and Drainage System Joint Connection: Bell and Spigot - One end of the pipe (the spigot) fits into the bell (hub) of another pipe. A gasket or lead packing is used to seal the joint. Mechanical Joints - Uses clamps and gaskets to connect the pipes together, providing a secure seal without soldering or welding. Flanged Joints - These joints involve bolting together two flanged ends of pipes, commonly used in industrial applications. AR. KEVIN BENJAMIN T. MARQUEZ, UAP, RMP 6  CENG112 – ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 No-Hub (Hubless) Couplings - A no-hub coupling consists of a rubber gasket and a stainless steel band clamp to join pipes without hubs. Sizes: Inside Diameter – 4” and 6” Standard Length: 3 meters 5. STEEL PIPES Made up of alloy of iron and carbon (less than 2%) Carbon steel is much harder Used to carry gas, water, or certain other liquid from one place to another under pressure Acidic water and alkaline water may rust these pipes Prevalent Use: Water and gas lines Joint Connection: Threaded Connections Welded Connections Flanged Connections Sizes: Outside Diameter – 1/2", 3/4", 1”, 1-1/4”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 2-1/2”, 3”, 4”, 5” 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” Standard Length: 6 meters 6. GALVANIZED IRON (GI) PIPES Cast iron pipes that have been coated with a layer of zinc to protect them from corrosion and rust Prevalent Use: Water supply lines Joint Connection: Threaded Connections Welded Connections Flanged Connections Sizes: Outside Diameter – 1/2", 3/4", 1”, 1-1/4”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 2-1/2”, 3”, 4”, 5” 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” Standard Length: 6 meters 7. GALVANIZED STEEL PIPES Made from carbon steel that has been coated with a layer of zinc Stronger and more durable than galvanized iron The zinc coating provides good corrosion resistance but can be compromised if scratched or damaged Prevalent Use: Water supply line, gas line Joint Connection: Threaded Connections AR. KEVIN BENJAMIN T. MARQUEZ, UAP, RMP 7  CENG112 – ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Welded Connections Flanged Connections Sizes: Outside Diameter – 1/2", 3/4", 1”, 1-1/4”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 2-1/2”, 3”, 4”, 5” 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” Standard Length: 6 meters 8. BLACK IRON (BI) PIPES Made from low carbon steel, which typically contains 0.05% to 0.25% carbon Good balance between strength and ductility Prevalent Use: Water supply line, gas line, and fire suppression system Joint Connection: Threaded Connections Welded Connections Flanged Connections Sizes: Outside Diameter – 1/2", 3/4", 1”, 1-1/4”, 1-1/2”, 2”, 2-1/2”, 3”, 4”, 5” 6”, 8”, 10”, 12” Standard Length: 6 meters C. OTHER PIPES 1. ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE Made from silica, asbestos, and cement converted under pressure into a dense, homogeneous material possessing considerable strength Prevalent Use: Water supply line, and drainage systems Joint Connection: Bell and Spigot Joint - This type of joint is often sealed with a rubber gasket to prevent leaks Mechanical Coupling Joints - Sizes: Outside Diameter – 4”, 5”, 6” 8”, 10”, 12” Standard Length: 6 meters 2. CONCRETE PIPES Cylindrical pipes made from concrete, can be reinforced (using steel bars or mesh) to enhance their structural integrity, especially for heavy load applications Pre-casted pipes Prevalent Use: Storm drain line, sewer systems, culvert Joint Connection: Mortar Joints - Mortar may be used to seal joints between pipes Sizes: Outside Diameter – 4”, 5”, 6” 8”, 10”, 12” Standard Length: 2 meters AR. KEVIN BENJAMIN T. MARQUEZ, UAP, RMP 8