Lecture 4 - librarian .pdf

WELCOME TO UDST LIBRARY! Rebecca Leonhard Inform ation Services Librarian M ain Library – 14.2.02D Rebecca.Leonhar [email protected] + 974 4495 2467 What is a Literature Review? ◦ An overview which brings together all the published literature on a specific topic or re...

WELCOME TO UDST LIBRARY! Rebecca Leonhard Inform ation Services Librarian M ain Library – 14.2.02D Rebecca.Leonhar [email protected] + 974 4495 2467 What is a Literature Review? ◦ An overview which brings together all the published literature on a specific topic or research question. ◦ The ”literature” is the academic writing. It can be: ◦ Journal articles ◦ Academic books ◦ Government pamphlets ◦ Conference proceedings ◦ Association papers ◦ Dissertations ◦ It is comprehensive and contains an analysis of the compiled information. ◦ Contains the most relevant studies and the most important past and current research and practices. ◦ Provides background and context and shows how your research will contribute to the field.  What is plagiarism? ◦ The dictionary defines plagiarism as “the act of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization and the representation of that author's work as one's own, as by not crediting the original author.” ◦ http://vimeo.com/105598832 Different Types of Plagiarism ◦ Submitting another person’s work and claiming it as one’s own. ◦ Did your friend write your paper? ◦ Buying a research paper on the internet. ◦ Copying big portions of text from a single source without alterations. ◦ Copying & pasting from the internet. ◦ Not paraphrasing correctly. ◦ Changing key words and phrases, but keeping the main content of the source. Different Types of Plagiarism ◦ Combining perfectly cited sources with copied passages without an in-text citation. ◦ Including citations to non-existent sources or giving incorrect information about sources. ◦ Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks.  Ways to Avoid Plagiarism ◦ Start your research early. ◦ Read the sources you find during the research process. ◦ Write down citation information as you find it, so you don’t have to hunt for it later. ◦ Put researched information inside quotation marks or paraphrase it. ◦ Give credit where credit is due. ◦ Pick a citation style and learn how to cite information.  PICO P.I.C.O The four elements needed to construct a well-built clinical foreground Defining your question P research I C O Patient/Population/ Intervention Comparison Outcome Problem How would I describe the What main intervention, Is there an alternative to What do I hope to problem or a group of prognostic factor or compare with the accomplish, measure, patients similar to mine? exposure am I intervention? improve or affect? considering? Middle-aged men Angiotensin- Beta1-adrenergic Control blood with hypertension Converting Enzyme antagonists pressure (ACE) Inhibitors (beta-blockers) In middle-aged men with hypertension are ACE Inhibitors better than Beta-blockers in the control of blood pressure?  PICOT P.I.C.O T can also be included as an element of your question if your topic or research Defining your allows. P research I C O T Patient/Population/ Intervention Comparison Outcome Time Problem How would I describe the What main Is there an alternative What do I hope What is the problem or a group of intervention, to compare with the to accomplish, time period or patients similar to mine? prognostic factor or intervention? measure, timeframe? exposure am I improve or considering? affect? Middle-aged men Angiotensin- Beta1- Control During flu with hypertension Converting adrenergic blood season Enzyme antagonists pressure (ACE) Inhibitors (beta-blockers) In middle-aged men with hypertension are ACE Inhibitors better than Beta-blockers in the control of blood pressure during flu season? What is a keyword? ◦ Any significant word or phrase, especially a word used to describe the contents of a document. ◦ A significant or memorable word or term in the title, abstract, or text of an item being indexed, used as the index entry. ◦ A keyword is a word that is essential to communicating your need. ◦ Keywords are often common or proper nouns, but they can also be other words, too. Consider 3 Things When Choosing Keywords ◦ Think about what you are trying to find. ◦ Choose the words that you think will appear on the page. ◦ Put yourself in the mindset of the author of those words--what words would he or she use?  Advanced Search Advanced Search helps to pinpoint what you are looking for from the start. Good for: Any search after the first one Seeing all options for narrowing down your search Understanding search statements as a whole Phrase Searching ◦ Searching by a particular phrase or word combination. ◦ Multiple words are put together inside quotation marks. ◦ “job satisfaction” ◦ “hazardous waste” ◦ Narrows the search results. ◦ Use only on established phrases. ◦ If you put too many words in quotations, the database may not find any results. Boolean Searching ◦ Also called “Boolean Logic.” ◦ A type of search syntax or search technique which helps the user conduct a better, more exact search. ◦ It is used when searching using more than one keyword or phrase. ◦ When conducting a search, a person uses the Boolean operators: AND, OR, and NOT. ◦ These operators are used to link words and phrases for more precise queries. Where Does Boolean Come From? ◦ Boolean logic takes its name from British mathematician George Boole (1815-1864), who wrote about a system of logic designed to produce better search results by formulating precise queries. ◦ He called it the "calculus of thought." ◦ From his writings, we have derived Boolean logic and its operators: AND, OR, and NOT. How Boolean Logic Works ◦ It uses the words AND, OR and NOT to search for items containing both terms, either term, or a term only if not accompanied by another term. ◦ All databases and web search engines have help pages explaining how Boolean logic works in their specific system. Boolean “and” ◦ The Boolean AND actually narrows your search by retrieving only documents that contain every one of the keywords you enter. The more terms you enter, the narrower your search becomes. EXAMPLE: truth AND justice EXAMPLE: truth AND justice AND ethics AND congress Boolean “and” A search for ‘rock AND roll’ will locate all records containing both the word “rock” and the word “roll.” (same as ‘all’) Boolean “or” ◦ The Boolean OR expands your search by returning documents in which either or both keywords appear. Since the OR operator is usually used for keywords that are similar or synonymous, the more keywords you enter, the more documents you will retrieve. EXAMPLE: college OR university EXAMPLE: college OR university OR institution OR campus Boolean “or” ◦ A search for ‘rock OR roll’ will locate all records containing either the word “rock” or the word “roll” – not necessarily both. (same as ‘any’) Boolean “not” / “and not” ◦ The Boolean NOT or AND NOT (sometimes typed as ANDNOT) limits your search by returning only your first keyword but not the second, even if the first word appears in that document, too. EXAMPLE: cloning NOT sheep EXAMPLE: pepsi NOT coke ◦ Tip: NOT can be dangerous. Let's say you want to search for items about Mexico, but not New Mexico, so you use NOT to exclude the word "New" from your retrieved set. This would prevent you from retrieving an article about "New regulations in Mexico" because it contained the word "New," although that wasn't what you intended. Boolean “not” / “and not” ◦ A search for ‘rock NOT roll’ will locate records containing the word “rock” but NOT the word “roll.” Nesting... With Boolean Operators ◦ Nesting, i.e., using parentheses, is an effective way to combine several search statements into one search statement. Use parentheses to separate keywords when you are using more than one operator and three or more keywords. EXAMPLE: (hybrid OR electric) AND (Toyota OR Honda) ◦ For best results, always enclose OR statements in parentheses. Implied Boolean Operators ◦ Implied Boolean operators use the plus (+) and minus (-) symbols in place of the full Boolean operators, AND and NOT. Typing a (+) or (-) sign in front of a word will force the inclusion or exclusion of that word in the search statement. EXAMPLE: +dementia -alzheimers ◦ Similarly, putting double quotation marks (" ") around two or more words will force them to be searched as a phrase in that exact order. EXAMPLE: "green tea” ◦ In some databases and search engines, you may have to select “Exact phrase.” Things to Consider When Using Boolean Logic ◦ Different databases and search engines handle Boolean operators differently. For example, some accept NOT, while one accepts ANDNOT as one word, others AND NOT as two words. Some require the operators to be typed in capital letters while others do not. ◦ You may have to indicate if it’s a Boolean search. This option would usually be available in the advanced search option. ◦ Different databases and search engines may only allow full Boolean operators in the advanced search option, while implied Boolean operators may only be used in the basic search options or vice versa. Things to Consider When Using Boolean Logic ◦ Some databases and search engines use drop-down menu options to spell out the Boolean logic in short phrases. ◦ For example... ◦ "All of the words" or "M ust contain” = AND ◦ "Any of the words" or "Should contain” = OR ◦ "M ust not contain” = NOT.  Wildcards & Truncation Use truncation (or stemming) and wildcards to look for variations in spelling and word form and to increase your search results. The English language has many variations of the same word. For example: dog and dogs give and giving Some words also are combinations of several words. For example: doghouse You may need to search for some of these combinations at the same time, normally the singular and plural form of the same noun.  Wildcards & Truncation Involves substituting symbols for certain letters of a word so that the search engine will retrieve items with any letter in that spot in the word. The symbol used is usually *.  Wildcards For a wildcard search, put the symbol in the middle of the word. For example: colo*r Search results: color colour A wildcard search makes it easier to search for related word groups. For example: wom*n Search results: woman women womyn  Truncation For a truncation search, put the symbol only at the end of the word. For example: librar* Search results: library, libraries, librarian, etc. Truncation can be useful to search for a group of words instead of typing all the words in separately with the Boolean operator OR. For example: Invest* Search results: invest, investor, investors, investing, investment, investments, etc.  Truncation Tricks BUT REMEMBER... invest* will also retrieve: investigate, investigated, investigator, investigation, investigating, etc. The trick is to combine terms with the Boolean operator AND to try and narrow your search results to the kind of documents you’re looking for. For example: (invest*) AND (stock* or bond* or financ* or money)  Truncation & Wildcard Tips Truncation or wildcards work best when the stem is longer and if the stem is not a root of many other common words. A lot of search engines "stem" keywords automatically. For example, they will automatically search for dog if you enter the keyword "dogs" and vice versa.