Theoretical English Grammar PDF

1 Theoretical English Grammar Credit - 2  Lecture 4 Theme: The Grammatical categories SUBTHEMES: 4.1 GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY 4.2 TYPES OF GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES  Competences:  1. Theoretical – worldview competence: -subject – meth...

1 Theoretical English Grammar Credit - 2  Lecture 4 Theme: The Grammatical categories SUBTHEMES: 4.1 GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY 4.2 TYPES OF GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES  Competences:  1. Theoretical – worldview competence: -subject – methodological  2. Intercultural –communicative competence: - linguaculturological -conceptual communicative  3. Professional orienting competence: - cognitive-conceptual -informational-accumulating -reflexive –developing  4. Professional-specializing competence: - notion-concept -creative-research - Metalanguage (terminology connected with the topic of the lecture) Problems to be discussed - what is categorization - what linguistic phenomenon is called a "grammatical category"? - what is "opposition"? - the types of grammatical categories.  Why do we categorize the grammatical meanings? Is there one conception of grammatical categories that is shared by all the scientists or are there many approaches? What are the main Comment the requirements for the grammatical categories grammatical category? of case of nouns; voice, aspect, order of verbs.  What types of grammatical categories do you know? Whose conceptions on grammatical category do you know?  what linguistic phenomenon is called a "grammatical category"? According to B. Golovin “a grammatical category is a real linguistic unity of grammatical meaning and the means of its material expression”. It means that in order to call a linguistic phenomenon a Golovin B.N (1916-1984) is a grammatical category Soviet linguist. The founder of Gorkii there must be a school of linguistics. A great grammatical meaning and specialist in general linguistics, grammatical means. speech culture  what linguistic phenomenon is called a "grammatical category"? M.Y. Blokh explains it as follows: “As for the grammatical category itself, it presents, the same as the grammatical "form", a unity of form Mark Yakovlevich Blokh (i.e. material factor), and (1924)is a Soviet and meanings (i.e. ideal Russian linguist. He studies theory of the English factor) and constitutes a language, general, certain signemic system. typological and German linguistics  More specifically the grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms. The paradigmatic correlations of grammatical forms in a category are exposed by the so - called “grammatical oppositions”.  The grammatical categories  The grammatical categories are better to explain by comparing them with logical categories.  The grammatical categories are opposed to logical ones.  The logical categories are universal for all the languages.  Any meanings can be expressed in any language.  For instance there's a logical category of possession.  The meaning of possession can be expressed in all the languages, compare: o My book (English) o Менің кітабым (Kazakh). o Моя книга (Russian)  The grammatical categories  As it is seen from the examples the meaning of possession in English and Russian is expressed, by the possessive pronouns (lexical means) while in Kazakh it can be expressed either by the help of a discontinuous morpheme (...нің...ім) or by one overt morpheme (…ім).  This category is grammatical in Kazakh but lexical in the other two languages.  Thusthe universal logical categories can be expressed by grammatical and non - grammatical (lexical, syntactic) means.  The grammatical categories are those logical ones that are expressed in languages by constant grammatical means.  The grammatical categories  One of the most consistent theories of the grammatical categories is the one that is suggested by L. Barkhudarov. According to his opinion in order to call a linguistic phenomenon a grammatical category there must be the following features: - general grammatical meaning; - this meaning must consist of at least two particular meanings; - the particular meanings must be opposed to each - other:  Leonid Stepanovich Barkhudarov (1923- 1985) linguist, specialist in theory of - the particular meanings must translation. He worked at the Maurise have constant grammatical means Thorez Institute of Foreign Languages to express them.  The grammatical categories  Thus, any linguistic phenomenon that meets these requirements is called a grammatical category.  English nouns have a grammatical category of number. This category has all the requirements that are necessary for a grammatical category: 1. it has general grammatical meaning of number; 2. it consists of two particular meanings; singular and plural; 3. singular is opposed to plural, they are antonymous; 4. singular and plural have their own constant grammatical means:  The grammatical categories  Singular is represented by a zero morpheme and plural has the allomorphs like (s), (z), (iz).  There are some other means to express singular and plural in English but they make very small percentage compared with regular means. Schematically this can be shown as follows: Number 0 (s), (z), (iz) Singular plural  The grammatical categories  In English adjectives there's one grammatical category - the degrees of comparison. What features does it have? 1. It has a general grammatical meaning: degrees of comparison; 2. The degrees of comparison consist of three particular meanings: positive, comparative and superlative; 3. They are opposed to each - other; 4. They have their own grammatical means depending on the number of syllables in the word.  The grammatical categories  If in the category of number of nouns there are two particular meanings, in the grammatical category of degrees of comparison there are three.  Thus, a grammatical category is a linguistic phenomenon that has a general grammatical meaning consisting of at least two particular meanings that are opposed to each - other and that have constant grammatical means of their own to express them.  Grammatical categories and the distinction within each category Number (singular, plural) Degree (positive, Person (1st person, 2nd person, comparative, superlative) 3rd person) Definiteness (the, a/an) Gender (by inflection only in Tense (Past, Present, personal pronouns 3rd person) Future) Case (nominative: I, we, you, he, Aspect (compound tenses she, it, they, who Perfect and the progressive) genitive: my/mine, our/ours, his, her/hers, its, their/theirs, whose; Mood (indicative, and subjective, imperative) objective: me, us, you, him, her, it, Voice (active/passive) them, whom)  Reference 1. Б. Головин. Введение в языкознание. М., 1973 2. M.Y.Blokh. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. ГУП изд. «Высшая школа», 2000. 3. Л. Бархударов. Очерки по морфологии современного английского языка. М., 1975 4. Л. Бархударов. Структура простого предложения современного английского языка. М., 1966 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION