Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the main meanings contained in the grammatical category of degrees of comparison?
What are the main meanings contained in the grammatical category of degrees of comparison?
Which grammatical category is expressed by the inflection of personal pronouns only in the 3rd person?
Which grammatical category is expressed by the inflection of personal pronouns only in the 3rd person?
Which of the following is NOT a grammatical category mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a grammatical category mentioned?
What type of tenses does the grammatical aspect cover?
What type of tenses does the grammatical aspect cover?
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Which grammatical category distinguishes between singular and plural?
Which grammatical category distinguishes between singular and plural?
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What is the definition of a grammatical category as stated by B. Golovin?
What is the definition of a grammatical category as stated by B. Golovin?
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Which of the following competences is NOT mentioned in the context of grammatical categories?
Which of the following competences is NOT mentioned in the context of grammatical categories?
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What does the term 'opposition' refer to in the context of grammatical categories?
What does the term 'opposition' refer to in the context of grammatical categories?
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What is one of the main requirements for a grammatical category?
What is one of the main requirements for a grammatical category?
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What types of grammatical categories are emphasized in the discussion?
What types of grammatical categories are emphasized in the discussion?
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Which best describes the 'linguaculturological' competence?
Which best describes the 'linguaculturological' competence?
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Whose theories on grammatical categories are referenced as significant?
Whose theories on grammatical categories are referenced as significant?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a type of grammatical category?
Which of the following is NOT considered a type of grammatical category?
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What is a necessary feature for a linguistic phenomenon to be considered a grammatical category?
What is a necessary feature for a linguistic phenomenon to be considered a grammatical category?
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What are the particular meanings that the grammatical category of number in English consists of?
What are the particular meanings that the grammatical category of number in English consists of?
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What grammatical means represent the singular and plural forms in English nouns?
What grammatical means represent the singular and plural forms in English nouns?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a phenomenon to be categorized as a grammatical category?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a phenomenon to be categorized as a grammatical category?
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Which grammatical category applies to adjectives in English?
Which grammatical category applies to adjectives in English?
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How many particular meanings are included in the grammatical category of degrees of comparison for adjectives?
How many particular meanings are included in the grammatical category of degrees of comparison for adjectives?
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What type of relationship exists between the meanings in the grammatical category of number?
What type of relationship exists between the meanings in the grammatical category of number?
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Which of the following describes the grammatical means for expressing degrees of comparison?
Which of the following describes the grammatical means for expressing degrees of comparison?
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What is the relationship between grammatical categories and logical categories?
What is the relationship between grammatical categories and logical categories?
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Which of the following best describes grammatical categories?
Which of the following best describes grammatical categories?
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How is the meaning of possession expressed in English and Russian according to the content?
How is the meaning of possession expressed in English and Russian according to the content?
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What does Blokh consider as the components of a grammatical category?
What does Blokh consider as the components of a grammatical category?
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According to the content, how can logical categories be expressed in languages?
According to the content, how can logical categories be expressed in languages?
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What aspect of grammatical categories does L. Barkhudarov focus on?
What aspect of grammatical categories does L. Barkhudarov focus on?
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How is possession expressed in Kazakh language according to the examples given?
How is possession expressed in Kazakh language according to the examples given?
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What is the primary method used to expose the paradigmatic correlations of grammatical forms?
What is the primary method used to expose the paradigmatic correlations of grammatical forms?
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Study Notes
Theoretical English Grammar
- Course credit: 2
- Lecture 4: Grammatical categories
Competences
- Theoretical - worldview competence
- Subject-methodological
- Intercultural-communicative competence
- Linguacultural
- Conceptual communicative
- Professional orienting competence
- Cognitive-conceptual
- Informational-accumulating
- Reflexive-developing
- Professional-specializing competence
- Notion-concept
- Creative-research
- Metalanguage (lecture-topic terminology)
Problems to be discussed
- What is categorization?
- What linguistic phenomenon is called "grammatical category"?
- What is "opposition"?
- Types of grammatical categories
Why categorize grammatical meanings?
- Is there one conception of grammatical categories shared by all scientists?
- Are there multiple approaches?
- What are the main requirements for a grammatical category?
- Comment on grammatical categories (case of nouns, voice, aspect, order of verbs)
Grammatical Categories
- What types of grammatical categories do you know?
- Whose conceptions on grammatical category do you know?
Grammatical Category - Definition
- According to B.N. Golovin, a grammatical category is a real linguistic unity of grammatical meaning and the means of its material expression.
- In order to be called a grammatical category, a linguistic phenomenon must have a grammatical meaning and means.
- According to M.Y. Blokh, a grammatical category presents the same as a grammatical form (having the material factor), and the meanings (ideal factor). Thus, a category constitutes a certain sign system.
More specific details about Grammatical Categories
- A grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning. This can be done using the paradigmatic correlations of grammatical forms.
- These correlations manifest as so-called "grammatical oppositions".
- Grammatical categories are better understood through comparison with logical categories.
- Logical categories are universal across languages.
- Any meaning can be expressed in any language. For example, the concept of possession can be expressed in English, Kazakh, and Russian.
- Grammatical categories are different from logical categories, which is showcased through examples of concepts of possession expressed differently in English, Kazakh, and Russian.
- In English and Russian, possession is indicated by possessive pronouns (lexical). In Kazakh, possession is indicated by a discontinuous morpheme (e.g.,...нің ...ім) or by another overt morpheme (e.g. ...ім).
- The concept of possession is expressed grammatically (English) or non-grammatically/lexically (Kazakh).
- Grammatical categories are logical categories expressed via constant grammatical means across languages.
Grammatical Category Theory (L. Barkhudarov)
- One of the most consistent grammatical category theories are those developed by L. Barkhudarov.
- To be a grammatical category, a linguistic phenomenon requires a general grammatical meaning composed of at least two distinct particular meanings.
- These particular meanings must be in opposition to each other, and possess unique constant grammatical means for expression.
Grammatical Category Example: Number
- English nouns have a grammatical number category.
- This category has a general grammatical meaning of number.
- It consists of two particular meanings: singular and plural.
- Singular is opposed to plural (antonymous).
- Singular and plural use distinct grammatical means.
- Singular is represented by zero morpheme and plural has allomorphs such as (s), (z), (iz). There are other ways however these are less common.
- English adjectives have a category of degrees of comparison.
- It has a general grammatical meaning: degrees of comparison.
- It consists of three particular meanings: positive, comparative, and superlative.
- These meanings are opposed to each other.
- Grammatical means vary based on the number of syllables in the word.
Grammatical categories
- Summarized grammatical categories: number, person, gender, case, tense, aspect, mood, voice, degree, definiteness
References
- Included in the slides (although not formatted as markdown bullet points)
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Description
This quiz covers Lecture 4 on grammatical categories from the Theoretical English Grammar course. It explores the concepts of categorization, opposition, and various types of grammatical categories. Engage with key questions to deepen your understanding of grammatical meanings and their significance in linguistics.
