Theoretical English Grammar Lecture 4

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Questions and Answers

What are the main meanings contained in the grammatical category of degrees of comparison?

  • Subjective, indicative, imperative
  • Singular, plural, definitive
  • Positive, comparative, superlative (correct)
  • Past, present, future

Which grammatical category is expressed by the inflection of personal pronouns only in the 3rd person?

  • Gender (correct)
  • Case
  • Number
  • Person

Which of the following is NOT a grammatical category mentioned?

  • Mood
  • Voice
  • Aspect
  • Syntax (correct)

What type of tenses does the grammatical aspect cover?

<p>Perfect and progressive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which grammatical category distinguishes between singular and plural?

<p>Number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a grammatical category as stated by B. Golovin?

<p>A linguistic unity of grammatical meaning and the means of its material expression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following competences is NOT mentioned in the context of grammatical categories?

<p>Psychomotor competence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'opposition' refer to in the context of grammatical categories?

<p>A pair of contrasting grammatical forms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main requirements for a grammatical category?

<p>It must encompass a specific grammatical meaning and express it materially. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of grammatical categories are emphasized in the discussion?

<p>Grammatical categories of case, voice, and aspect. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the 'linguaculturological' competence?

<p>The understanding of cultural implications in language use. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Whose theories on grammatical categories are referenced as significant?

<p>B. Golovin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of grammatical category?

<p>Meaning of words (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary feature for a linguistic phenomenon to be considered a grammatical category?

<p>It must have a general grammatical meaning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the particular meanings that the grammatical category of number in English consists of?

<p>Singular and plural. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What grammatical means represent the singular and plural forms in English nouns?

<p>Zero morpheme and (s), (z), (iz). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for a phenomenon to be categorized as a grammatical category?

<p>It must be identifiable in every language. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which grammatical category applies to adjectives in English?

<p>Degrees of comparison. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many particular meanings are included in the grammatical category of degrees of comparison for adjectives?

<p>Three. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of relationship exists between the meanings in the grammatical category of number?

<p>Antonymous. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the grammatical means for expressing degrees of comparison?

<p>It depends on the number of syllables in the word. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between grammatical categories and logical categories?

<p>Grammatical categories oppose logical categories. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes grammatical categories?

<p>A system for expressing generalized grammatical meaning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the meaning of possession expressed in English and Russian according to the content?

<p>By possessive pronouns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Blokh consider as the components of a grammatical category?

<p>A unity of form and meanings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, how can logical categories be expressed in languages?

<p>By both grammatical and non-grammatical means. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of grammatical categories does L. Barkhudarov focus on?

<p>The consistency of grammatical category theories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is possession expressed in Kazakh language according to the examples given?

<p>By a combination of discontinuous and overt morphemes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used to expose the paradigmatic correlations of grammatical forms?

<p>By examining grammatical oppositions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Grammatical Category

A real linguistic unit combining grammatical meaning and its material expression.

Grammatical Meaning

The meaning related to grammatical structure and the way words function in a sentence.

Material Expression (Grammatical Means)

The specific word forms or inflectional changes that signal the grammatical meaning.

Categorization

The process of sorting or grouping linguistic phenomena into related classes.

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Grammatical Opposition

The system of meaningful contrasts and differences between related grammatical categories.

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Types of Grammatical Categories

Different systems of rules for word changes, including: case, voice, aspect, etc.

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Case of Nouns

Grammatical categories that mark relationships between nouns and other words in the sentence, based on their role.

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Voice of Verbs

Grammatical categories that determine the role of the verb in relation to the subject of the sentence, such as active or passive.

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Aspect of Verbs

Grammatical categories that classify actions based on their duration, or completion/ongoing-ness.

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Word Order

Grammatical categories that specify the arrangement of words in sentences, including patterns of meaning

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Grammatical Category

A system of expressing generalized grammatical meanings through the relationship between grammatical forms.

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Grammatical Oppositions

Relationships between grammatical forms within a category, highlighting differences in meaning.

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Logical Categories

Universal concepts or ideas, like possession, applicable across all languages.

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Grammatical vs. Lexical Means

The different ways to express logical categories; grammatical uses consistent forms, lexical uses words.

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Blokh's Theory of Grammatical Categories

Blokh's work emphasizes grammatical categories as a union of form and meaning.

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Barkhudarov's Theory

A consistent theory of grammatical categories suggesting languages use fixed grammatical forms.

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Grammatical Category

A linguistic phenomenon with general grammatical meaning expressed through opposed particular meanings, having constant grammatical means to express them.

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General Grammatical Meaning

The overall meaning related to the grammatical structure and function of words within a sentence.

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Particular Meanings

Specific meanings that contribute to the general grammatical meaning, ideally contrasting within a category.

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Grammatical Opposition

The contrasting relationship between particular meanings within a grammatical category.

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Constant Grammatical Means

The consistent word forms or inflectional changes that directly express particular meanings within a grammatical category.

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Number (Grammatical Category)

A grammatical category in English nouns signifying singular or plural forms.

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Singular (Noun Form)

The noun form representing a single entity, often with a zero morpheme.

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Plural (Noun Form)

The noun form representing multiple entities, marked by suffixes like -s, -z, -iz.

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Degrees of Comparison (Grammatical Category)

The grammatical category in English adjectives that shows comparison in meaning: positive, comparative, and superlative.

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Grammatical Category

A linguistic element with a general grammatical meaning, expressed through specific grammatical forms.

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Number (Nouns)

Grammatical category distinguishing singular and plural forms of nouns.

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Person (Pronouns)

Grammatical category identifying the speaker (1st), listener (2nd), or other (3rd) in a sentence.

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Gender (Pronouns)

Grammatical category (in some languages) specifying masculine, feminine, or neutral for third-person pronouns.

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Case (Pronouns)

Grammatical category showing the role of a noun or pronoun in a sentence (e.g., nominative, genitive, objective).

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Degree of Comparison

Grammatical category for comparing adjectives (positive, comparative, superlative).

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Tense

Grammatical category indicating the time of an action (past, present, future).

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Aspect

Grammatical category specifying the completion or ongoing nature of an action (perfect, progressive).

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Mood

Grammatical category expressing the speaker's attitude or manner (indicative, imperative).

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Voice

Grammatical category showing the relationship between the verb and the subject (active or passive).

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Study Notes

Theoretical English Grammar

  • Course credit: 2
  • Lecture 4: Grammatical categories

Competences

  • Theoretical - worldview competence
    • Subject-methodological
  • Intercultural-communicative competence
    • Linguacultural
    • Conceptual communicative
  • Professional orienting competence
    • Cognitive-conceptual
    • Informational-accumulating
    • Reflexive-developing
  • Professional-specializing competence
    • Notion-concept
    • Creative-research
    • Metalanguage (lecture-topic terminology)

Problems to be discussed

  • What is categorization?
  • What linguistic phenomenon is called "grammatical category"?
  • What is "opposition"?
  • Types of grammatical categories

Why categorize grammatical meanings?

  • Is there one conception of grammatical categories shared by all scientists?
  • Are there multiple approaches?
  • What are the main requirements for a grammatical category?
  • Comment on grammatical categories (case of nouns, voice, aspect, order of verbs)

Grammatical Categories

  • What types of grammatical categories do you know?
  • Whose conceptions on grammatical category do you know?

Grammatical Category - Definition

  • According to B.N. Golovin, a grammatical category is a real linguistic unity of grammatical meaning and the means of its material expression.
    • In order to be called a grammatical category, a linguistic phenomenon must have a grammatical meaning and means.
  • According to M.Y. Blokh, a grammatical category presents the same as a grammatical form (having the material factor), and the meanings (ideal factor). Thus, a category constitutes a certain sign system.

More specific details about Grammatical Categories

  • A grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalized grammatical meaning. This can be done using the paradigmatic correlations of grammatical forms.
    • These correlations manifest as so-called "grammatical oppositions".
  • Grammatical categories are better understood through comparison with logical categories.
    • Logical categories are universal across languages.
    • Any meaning can be expressed in any language. For example, the concept of possession can be expressed in English, Kazakh, and Russian.
  • Grammatical categories are different from logical categories, which is showcased through examples of concepts of possession expressed differently in English, Kazakh, and Russian.
  • In English and Russian, possession is indicated by possessive pronouns (lexical). In Kazakh, possession is indicated by a discontinuous morpheme (e.g.,...нің ...ім) or by another overt morpheme (e.g. ...ім).
  • The concept of possession is expressed grammatically (English) or non-grammatically/lexically (Kazakh).
  • Grammatical categories are logical categories expressed via constant grammatical means across languages.

Grammatical Category Theory (L. Barkhudarov)

  • One of the most consistent grammatical category theories are those developed by L. Barkhudarov.
    • To be a grammatical category, a linguistic phenomenon requires a general grammatical meaning composed of at least two distinct particular meanings.
    • These particular meanings must be in opposition to each other, and possess unique constant grammatical means for expression.

Grammatical Category Example: Number

  • English nouns have a grammatical number category.
    • This category has a general grammatical meaning of number.
    • It consists of two particular meanings: singular and plural.
    • Singular is opposed to plural (antonymous).
    • Singular and plural use distinct grammatical means.
    • Singular is represented by zero morpheme and plural has allomorphs such as (s), (z), (iz). There are other ways however these are less common.
  • English adjectives have a category of degrees of comparison.
    • It has a general grammatical meaning: degrees of comparison.
    • It consists of three particular meanings: positive, comparative, and superlative.
    • These meanings are opposed to each other.
    • Grammatical means vary based on the number of syllables in the word.

Grammatical categories

  • Summarized grammatical categories: number, person, gender, case, tense, aspect, mood, voice, degree, definiteness

References

  • Included in the slides (although not formatted as markdown bullet points)

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