Lecture 3 (Perception).csv

"Agnosia : What is prosopagnosia, apperceptive agnosia, and associative agnosia","Failure to recognize objects Prosopagnosia : faces Apperceptive agnosia : patterns Associative agnosia : meanings" Backward masking,When a later visual cue affects perception of an earlier one (like in the averbach and...

"Agnosia : What is prosopagnosia, apperceptive agnosia, and associative agnosia","Failure to recognize objects Prosopagnosia : faces Apperceptive agnosia : patterns Associative agnosia : meanings" Backward masking,When a later visual cue affects perception of an earlier one (like in the averbach and coriell experiment) "Compression is transformation that both \_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the original input, such as what","analyzes and summarizes Such as visual and auditory information" Explain the fovea,"Light that we directly focus lands on the fovea Contains almost all cones Acuity, accurate precise vision is best in the fovea Rods are abundant at the sides (peripheral) of the fovea" "Explain the pandemonium, its weaknesses, and then explain the 4 types of demons in the pandemonium (selfridge 1959)",\"Pandemonium is used to understand patterns Problem is that it is complete bottom up processing, we gather details and then build our understanding from those details, without relying on prior knowledge or expectations. 1. Data (bottom) - encode the pattern 2. Computational - try to match simple features ( () ( - /  ) 3. Cognitive - try to match whole letter patterns (Aa Bb) 4. Decision - decide whether the letter is present \" Explain what happens as light is passed through the eye,\"As light is passed through the eye, information is lost because it is reflected off the many cells at the back of the eye. In peripheral vision, there are many to one synapses from the rods and cones to the bipolar cells, and from the bipolar cells to the ganglion cells. So by time the information has reached the visual cortex, the visual information has been pre processed, providing a SUMMARIZED record of the visual stimulus. \" "Give an overview of sperlings tachistoscope experiment and outcome, then explain his partial report condition",\"People saw 3x4 grids of letters presented very briefly for 50msec and they had to recall the letters The outcome was poor with 37% accuracy and even delaying the time to 500msec did not affect performance. During the partial report condition, a tone was sounded right after the letter grid disappeared. Top row=high pitch tone, middle row=medium pitch tone, bottom row=low pitched tone. The partial report accuracy was now a 76%\" How did huey measure eye movements in 1908 ,"placed a paris cup on the cornea gave cocaine to make the cornea insensitive to the cup eye movements recorded which rotated with a moving drum" How long does information remain in the iconic memory,half a second (0.5s) "In 1983, what did Haber argue",That the icon is irrelevant to real world perception Input units vs hidden units vs output units ,"Input - incoming information Hidden - the middle layer Output - Generating response" Is our perception veridical (valid),"Sometimes we perceive things that do not exist and sometimes we misperceive things that do exist. Perception does not provide a veridical treatment of our world" Models of pattern recognition: explain two ,"1. The template approach - we make connections with things we have stored in our minds 2. Feature analysis / feature detection - we recognize patterns by breaking them down into their individual components" Persistence : Crowder and Morton (1969) explain this experiment ,"They presented 9 digits 3 conditions : Silent vocalization, active vocalization, and passive vocalization. For the last 3 groups the active and passive vocalization received the least errors" "Recognition by components : Biederman (1987), explain what it is",\"Used to understand how we identify objects and their basic shapes (geons) \" "Saccades vs fixations","Saccades are rapid eye movements that last between 25 and 100 msec Fixations are pauses in between the saccades where the eye takes in visual information during this time" Sensation vs Perception,"Sensation is the reception of energy from the environment, and its initial encoding into the nervous system Perception is the process of interpreting and understanding sensory information" Visual persistence and example ,\"Persistence of a visual stimulus beyond its physical duration. Where an image continues to be perceived for a brief moment after it has disappeared from view, example is wobbling a pencil between two fingers\" What 3 things do we measure today when tracking eyes,"1. fixations 2. gaze durations 3. gaze location" What acts as a good infrared sink,pupil What are geons (biederman) ,"Building blocks of visual objects, basic shapes" What are the 3 auditory sensory memory concepts ,"Three ear man - 3 different sets of words into 3 ears (2 actual ears and one auditory ear) Modality effect - We often remember sounds better than visual information Suffix effect - A distracting sound after learning can affect our ability to recall" What can infrared camera lock onto ,infrared sinks "What did darwin, turvey, and crowder develop (1972). And what were the stats correct","three eared man Whole - 37% Partial - above 50% with delays lasting 4 seconds" What did Simons and Levin do in 1998,"They wanted to see if people notice when someone in a conversation changes. Participants watched a video of two people talking. During the conversation, one person was quickly swapped out for another." What did Warren and Warren study in 1970 ,"Studied how people understand speech, especially when some sounds are missing" What is auditory sensory memory (ASM) also known as and what is it ,"Echoic memory It is a brief memory system that perceives auditory stimuli" what is bottom up processing also referred to as and what does it mean ,"Data driven,\ we gather details from our senses first and then build our understanding from those details, without relying on prior knowledge or expectations." what is top down processing also referred to as and what does it mean ,"Conceptual driven Use our prior knowledge to understand" What is visual sensory memory also known as,"Iconic memory, which is very brief in duration" What two vocalization groups could rely on echoic memory ,Active vocalization and passive vocalization What was the averbach and coriell experiment in 1961,\"Presented two rows of 8 letters each. After the letters disappeared, a small dot appeared either over one of the letters or in a different spot. The dot acted as a helpful cue that made it easier to recall specific letters before that memory faded away. \" Who conducted several tachistoscopic studies aimed at detailing the amount and duration of iconic memory ,Sperling