Psychology Chapter on Agnosia and Perception

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What type of agnosia is characterized by the inability to recognize faces?

Associative agnosia

Apperceptive agnosia

Prosopagnosia (correct)

Pattern agnosia

Which of the following best describes the role of the fovea?

It is where most color processing occurs.

It has the highest concentration of cones for detailed vision. (correct)

It is responsible for night vision.

It contains primarily rods for peripheral vision.

In Sperling's tachistoscope experiment, what was the purpose of the partial report condition?

To analyze the effectiveness of visual stimuli at longer exposures.

To provide cues that help recall specific rows of letters. (correct)

To determine the limits of short-term visual memory.

To assess overall memory recall without any cues.

What is a primary limitation of the pandemonium model?

It does not account for top-down processing or prior knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when light passes through the eye?

Information is pre-processed and summarized. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of agnosia is associated with difficulties in recognizing the meanings of objects?

Associative agnosia Signup and view all the answers

In backward masking, what is the main effect of a later visual cue?

It impairs the recognition of the earlier cue. Signup and view all the answers

Which demon in the pandemonium model encodes the pattern of the incoming data?

Data demon Signup and view all the answers

What do geons serve as in visual perception?

Building blocks of visual objects Signup and view all the answers

What does the modality effect suggest about sensory memory?

Sounds are often easier to remember than visual information. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of memory does echoic memory refer to?

A brief auditory memory system Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Averbach and Coriell experiment?

The recall of letters after a visual cue Signup and view all the answers

In Warren and Warren's study on speech understanding, what aspect did they investigate?

How sounds are reconstructed when missing Signup and view all the answers

What is bottom-up processing based on?

Details gathered from the senses first Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration information remains in iconic memory?

0.5 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of recall is noted to be above 50% in the three-eared man experiment with delays lasting four seconds?

Partial recall Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hidden units in a neural network model?

Processing the data between input and output layers Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized for conducting studies on the duration of iconic memory?

Sperling Signup and view all the answers

What does Biederman's recognition by components theory focus on?

Understanding how we identify basic shapes of objects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference between sensation and perception?

Sensation deals with sensory input; perception involves interpretation Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main findings of Crowder and Morton's experiment on persistence?

Passive vocalization resulted in fewer errors than silence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of saccades in eye movement?

To quickly shift the focus from one point to another Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes visual persistence?

The perception of an image after it is no longer visible Signup and view all the answers

In pattern recognition, what does the template approach involve?

Matching sensory input to internal templates Signup and view all the answers

Which type of agnosia involves difficulty recognizing patterns?

Apperceptive agnosia Signup and view all the answers

What does the fovea primarily contain that ensures high visual acuity?

Cones Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of the pandemonium model?

It relies completely on bottom-up processing. Signup and view all the answers

During Sperling's experiment with tachistoscopes, what was the purpose of sounding a tone after displaying the letter grid?

To indicate which row to recall Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of backward masking involves a later visual cue?

Interrupting the perception of the first cue Signup and view all the answers

What happens to information as it travels through the eye?

It gets lost and summarized. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of demon in the pandemonium model attempts to recognize whole letter patterns?

Cognitive demon Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sensory processing, what does 'compression' involve?

Analyzing and summarizing the original input Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cognitive demon in the pandemonium model?

To match whole letter patterns Signup and view all the answers

What visual cells are primarily located in the fovea and contribute to precise vision?

Cones Signup and view all the answers

In the partial report condition of Sperling's tachistoscope experiment, what determined which row of letters was recalled?

A tone's pitch Signup and view all the answers

Which type of agnosia involves recognizing patterns but not being able to assign meanings to them?

Associative agnosia Signup and view all the answers

What happens to visual information as it is processed from the eye to the visual cortex?

It is lost due to reflection and summarization. Signup and view all the answers

How does backward masking influence perception?

It affects the recognition of the earlier visual cue. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the pandemonium model's drawbacks, which characteristic is specifically mentioned?

It is entirely based on bottom-up processing. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the recall accuracy from Sperling's tachistoscope experiment at varying delays?

No improvement even with increased delay. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of information retention in iconic memory?

0.5 seconds Signup and view all the answers

What technique did Huey use to measure eye movements in 1908?

Placing a Paris cup on the cornea Signup and view all the answers

What did Haber argue about the icon in 1983?

That the icon is irrelevant to real-world perception Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes saccades?

Rapid eye movements lasting between 25 and 100 milliseconds Signup and view all the answers

What do we typically measure when tracking eye movements?

Fixations, gaze durations, saccadic lengths Signup and view all the answers

What does visual persistence refer to?

Seeing an image after it has physically disappeared Signup and view all the answers

Which model of pattern recognition involves breaking down patterns into individual components?

Feature analysis / feature detection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between sensation and perception?

Sensation is passive, perception is active Signup and view all the answers

What are geons according to Biederman?

Basic shapes that serve as building blocks of visual objects Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon does the modality effect demonstrate?

People often remember sounds better than visual information. Signup and view all the answers

What does top-down processing involve?

Drawing on prior knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information. Signup and view all the answers

In the Averbach and Coriell experiment, what was the purpose of the dot that appeared after the letters disappeared?

To cue recall of a specific letter before memory faded. Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is also referred to as echoic memory?

Auditory sensory memory Signup and view all the answers

What concept relates to the ability to notice a change in a conversation according to Simons and Levin's research?

Change blindness Signup and view all the answers

What was the finding of Crowder and Turvey related to the three-eared man experiment?

Recall was 37% for whole reports with a delay of four seconds. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best characterizes bottom-up processing?

Gathering details from senses first to build understanding. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences the duration of information in iconic memory?

Visual stimuli persistence Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes saccades from fixations in eye movements?

Saccades are rapid movements between fixations. Signup and view all the answers

How did Haber characterize the relevance of icons in perception in 1983?

Icons do not impact our perception of reality. Signup and view all the answers

Which approach involves recognizing patterns by breaking them down into their individual components?

Feature analysis Signup and view all the answers

What does the persistence phenomenon refer to in visual perception?

The enduring impression of a visual stimulus after it vanishes. Signup and view all the answers

In what way do fixations and gaze durations differ in eye-tracking?

Fixations measure the length of time eyes are still, while gaze durations measure total viewing time. Signup and view all the answers

How is the template approach characterized in pattern recognition models?

It utilizes prior knowledge to match objects. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant finding of Crowder and Morton's experiment on persistence?

Passive vocalization improved accuracy. Signup and view all the answers

What does the suffix effect indicate about auditory memory?

It diminishes recall due to a distracting sound. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept best defines echoic memory?

A brief memory system that perceives auditory stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the three-eared man experiment?

To investigate memory recall when multiple sets of words are presented. Signup and view all the answers

How does bottom-up processing differ from top-down processing?

Bottom-up begins with sensory input; top-down starts with expectations. Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon did Simons and Levin's study in 1998 investigate?

The ability of participants to notice a change in a speaker. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of iconic memory in visual sensory processing?

It allows for a brief retention of visual stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Averbach and Coriell’s experiment in 1961?

To analyze the effects of a visual cue on letter recall. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the modality effect in sensory memory?

Increased recall of auditory stimuli over visual stimuli. Signup and view all the answers