Lecture 3 Morphology PDF

Rogayah A Razak, PhD ▪ Morphology is the component of mental grammar that deals with types of words and how words are formed out of smaller meaningful pieces and other words. wind, unwind, rewind, winding, windy, etc are meaningful words Woman, *unwoman, *rewoman, * womaning, *winnable, *womany...

Rogayah A Razak, PhD ▪ Morphology is the component of mental grammar that deals with types of words and how words are formed out of smaller meaningful pieces and other words. wind, unwind, rewind, winding, windy, etc are meaningful words Woman, *unwoman, *rewoman, * womaning, *winnable, *womany ▪ Morphology as a subfield of linguistics studies the internal structure of words. It tries to describe which meaningful pieces of language can be combined to form words and what the consequences of such combinations are on the meaning or grammatical function of the resulting word. Eg. Adding of re- + wind = rewind (modifies meaning of wind) re- + unite = reunite ▪ Words differ in form i.e. what a word sounds like when spoken/ phonological form. ▪ Words differ in meaning i.e. one word might not be able to use interchangeably to mean the same thing. ▪ Words have to have the same form and same meaning if it is considered the same word. ▪ Same or different words? We need to use the phonological form and meaning to answer this question. ▪ cat vs dog ▪ cat vs catalog ▪ kid vs kidney Words belong to lexical categories. ▪ Lexical categories – lexical categories are classes of words that differ in how other words can be constructed out of them. E.g. If the word category is a verb, it is possible to add –ing or –able to it to produce other words – drink, drinking, drinkable. If the word category is an adjective, it is possible to add –ness, or –est to produce other words – sadness, tallest. If the word category is a noun, it is possible to add –s, -like to form nouns from adjectives. E.g. desks, womanlike, etc. Nouns, verbs, adjectives are open lexical categories because new words can be added to the language via these categories of words. Closed class categories rarely acquire new members such as pronouns (he, she, they, etc. , determiners (e.g. a, the, this, etc), prepositions (on, of, under, for, etc) or conjunctions (e.g. and, or, but_.  CAT CATTY Form Cat Cat + -ty Meaning Domestic feline Spiteful, (fighting like a domestic feline) Lexical Category Noun Adjective ▪ The process of creating words out of other words. It takes a word and performs one or more ‘operations’ on it, the results being some other word. The resultant word is either the same category or a different category. ▪ When the resultant new word is not of a different lexical category, is a different category, the meaning of the root word is usually changed. ▪ Eg play (V): playable (Adj) : V → ADJ ▪ replay (V); [re- means ‘V again’] V → V ▪ unkind (Adj) but with altered meaning. [-un means ‘not’ [not Adj] ADJ → ADJ ▪ Catty = cat [N] + -ty [ADJ] N → ADJ ▪ Stem/ root word, affixes –prefixes, suffixes, infixes ▪ The creation of different grammatical forms of words is called inflection. ▪ The linguistic entity that inflection creates entirely new words. It uses the same sorts of pieces such as stems and affixes, or processes. ▪ Eg. Cat (meaning: domesticated feline; lexical category: noun) ▪ Cats ( meaning domesticated feline (plural): lexical category: noun) ▪ Inflectional category such as –s typically do not change the lexical category of the word – both cat and cats are nouns. ▪ The forms that result from inflection are often required by the grammar, regardless of any meaning difference. *I have four cat. Functions Affixes Atached to Example 3rd pers, sing, present -s verbs She waits there at noon. Past tense -ed verbs She waited there yesterday. Progressive aspect -ing verbs She is waiting there now. Past participle -en, -ed verbs Jack has eaten the cookies. Jack has tasted the cookies. plural -s nouns The chairs are in the room. comparative -er Adjectives, Jim is taller than Joe. adverbs Jim runs faster than Jill. superlative -est Adjective,s Ted is the tallest in his class. adverbs Michael runs fastest of all. ▪ A morpheme is typically defined as the smallest linguistic unit with a meaning (e.g. cat ) and a grammatical function (e.g. the form –ed which carries the past tense). A morpheme has a certain phonological form. Thus there are no smaller forms that carry their own meaning or grammatical function than morpheme. ▪ A word can contain two parts: a root and an affix. Eg. Cats. ▪ A root – by definition contains only one morpheme. ▪ A stem – may contain more than one morpheme. Eg. Cattiness: root cat; the stem to which the derivational affix –ness is added is catty which contains two morphemes. Each affix is also a single morpheme. Each affix is also a single morpheme. ▪ Affixes that follow a stem are called suffixes. ▪ Affixes that precede a stem are called prefixes. ▪ Cattiness = [cat1] + [-y2] + [ness3 ] ▪ Root = pure form of the word e.g cat (cannot be divided further) ▪ Stem= [cat1] + [-y2] – root + another affix ▪ Circumfix / apitan e.g. pen-…-an ▪ Sometimes, different meanings or functions can be marked by the same phonetic shape. Affixes that sound alike but have different meanings or functions are called homophonous. Eg. –er can be inflectional or derivational. - taller, faster, (comparative degree- inflectional) - speak, speaker (derivational) - The form –er is homophonous with each other, therefore it is important to consider not only form but also meaning when analysing morphemes. - Form and meaning necessary when identifying multiple morphemes but in fact do not. Catalog –cat, a, log. It does not carry the meaning felines nor sections of a tree. Therefore, it means ‘inventories’- it is a monomorphemic word- it has only one part. ▪ In morphology, the most basic act of analysis is a comparison of words based on form, meaning and lexical category. Such comparisons allow for the segmentation of words into the smaller parts that they contain i.e. morphemes. ▪ Simple words cannot be broken down into smaller meaningful pieces –they consist of exactly one morpheme. They can stand alone. ▪ Affixes such as –ing or –ed also consist of only one morpheme but cannot stand alone. ▪ Morphemes such as simple words which can stand on its own – free morphemes. ▪ Morphemes such as affixes always have to be attached to the stem of some words are bound morphemes. There are some roots that do not have a stand-alone forms: they only appear with one or more affixes attached. Eg. Infer, confer, refer, defer, prefer and transfer all seem to have a root word –fer but with a prefix attached to its left. This root does not correspond to any free morpheme in English. ▪ Content morphemes are said to have more concrete meaning than function morphemes. Function morphemes contains primarily grammatical relevant information. Content morphemes carry semantic content (roughly they refer to something out in the world) while function morphemes do not. ▪ A free root like cat is a prototypical content morpheme with a fairly concrete meaning. It carries semantic content in that it refers to certain feline individual in the world). ▪ The affix –ing for e.g. is a prototypical function morpheme; it marks aspect on a verb but does not have semantic content.  Content Morphemes Function morphemes Free Morphemes Content Words: Function words: - Nouns - Determiners - Verbs - Prepositions - Adjectives - Pronouns - Adverbs - conjunctions Bound Morphemes - bound roots - Inflectional affixes - Derivational affixes ▪ The following words consist of either one or two morphemes. Isolate the morphemes and decide if it is a free or bound; what kind of affix, if any is involved (is it a prefix or suffix?) and (where applicable) if the affix is inflectional or derivational. a. Cats d. Catsup g. succotash j. entrust b. Unhappy e. milder h. bicycle k. signpost c. Rejoin f. hateful i. greedy l. spacious i) Comfortable ii) reconditioned iii) thickeners iv) Massachusetts v) unidirectional vi) nationalization vii) environmentally viii) senseless viv) unspeakably ▪ Word formation process which are rule-governed and produces new words from existing words and the grammatical forms of words. (1) Affixation Adding an affix to a stem is called affixation. Affixes consists of : prefix (word initial); suffix (non- word initial), infix (medial position) eg gementar. gentar (root) → g-em-entar = gementar (2) Compounding Is a process that forms new words from one or more independent words. The words that are the parts of the compound can be morphemes themselves, words derived by affixation, or even words formed by compounding themselves. Compounding of Free morpheme – girlfriend Compounding of Affixed words – air-conditioner, ironing board Compounding of Compounded words – lifeguard chair, aircraft carrier (3) Reduplication It is a process of forming new words by doubling either an entire free morpheme (total reduplication) or part of it (partial reduplication). Total reduplication : buku-buku, kereta-kereta Partial reduplication: rerama, bebudak, berbolak-balik (alternating vowel a-i) Alternation- morpheme-internal modification. It has to do with the sounds in a particular word-pair or larger word set. It marks morphological distinctions. Eg. Man – men; goose – geese; foot-feet. ▪ (1) Analytic Languages Are so called because they are made up of sequences of free morphemes –each word consists of a single morpheme, used by itself with meaning and function intact. Purely analytic language are also called isolating language, do not use affixes to compose words. Eg. Mandarin. 2) Synthetic Languages In this languages, bound morphemes are attached to other morphemes, so a word may be made up of several meaningful elements. The bound morpheme may add another element of meaning to the stem (derivation) or indicate the grammatical function of the stem in a sentence (inflection). Eg. Hungarian, English. First type of synthetic language : Agglutinating Languages The morphemes are joined together relatively “loosely”. It is usually easy to determine where the boundaries between morphemes. Eg. Malay language. ▪ The second type of Synthetic Language : Fusional Languages - Words are formed by adding bound morphemes to stems just like agglutinating languages but in fusional languages the affixes may not be easy to separate from the stem. It is hard to tell where one morpheme starts and the next begins; the affixes are characteristically fused with the stem, and these are often alternations to the forms of both the stems and affixes. Eg. Spanish. [ablo] ‘I am speaking’; [abla] ‘S/he is speaking; [able] ‘ I spoke’. - The Third type of Synthetic Language: Polysynthetic Languages - Some highly complex words may be formed by combining several stems and affixes: this is usually a matter of making nouns (subjects, objects, etc.) into parts of the verb forms. Sora, a language spoken in India, allows such incorporation of objects (subjects, instruments, etc) into verbs. - Eg. Anninnyamjoten - ‘He is fish-catching’ - i.e. He is catching fish. ▪ Internal structure of words can be represented by a tree diagram. The hierarchical structure shows the layered structure of the word or steps involved in the formation of the word. ▪ Adj ▪ Verb ▪ re use able ▪ (V) 2) Isolate the affixes and roots in the following groups of words. Then name the lexical category of the root, and way whether the affixation results in a word belonging to a different category (and if so, which one). a. Spiteful b. Unsure c. Dicium d. stoppable e. penulisan healthful untrue dikirim fixable pembuatan truthful unhappy diam laughable pengaliran (3) Draw tree diagram for each of the following words: Disappearance; unrespectable; keterbukaan; pembinaan; underspecification ▪ disappearance [N] ▪ -ance [N] ▪ disappear [V] ▪ dis- appear [V] ▪ eBook : https://downloadpdfone.blogspot.com/?sale=1111344388 ▪ Denham, K., & Lobeck, A. (2010). Linguistics for Everyone. Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning: USA. ▪ Read Chap.5- Words and their parts. Pg 141-181.  Please refer to the word doc which GROUP WORK has the listing of groups for the morphology exercise.