Lecture 3_Managing the information systems, infrastructure and structure(1).pdf

Lecture 3 BHMS4472 ICT in Business Managing the information systems, Infrastructure, and Services ICT (Information, Communication, and Technology) Learning Objectives ▪ Discuss the origins of, and the key technology concepts b...

Lecture 3 BHMS4472 ICT in Business Managing the information systems, Infrastructure, and Services ICT (Information, Communication, and Technology) Learning Objectives ▪ Discuss the origins of, and the key technology concepts behind, the Internet. ▪ Explain the current structure of the Internet. ▪ Understand how the Web works. ▪ Describe how Internet and web features and services support e-commerce. ▪ Understand the impact of mobile applications. Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Internet: Technology Background Internet – Interconnected network of thousands of networks and millions of computers – Links businesses, educational institutions, government agencies, and individuals World Wide Web (Web) – One of the Internet’s most popular services – Provides access to billions, possibly trillions, of web pages Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Evolution of the Internet 1961–Present The Internet has developed in three stages from 1961 to the present. In the Innovation stage, basic ideas and technologies were developed; in the Institutionalization stage, these ideas were brought to life; in the Commercialization stage, once the ideas and technologies had been proven, private companies brought the Internet to millions of people worldwide. Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Evolution of the Internet 1961–Present Innovation Phase, 1961–1974 – Creation of fundamental building blocks Institutionalization Phase, 1975–1995 – Large institutions provide funding and legitimization Commercialization Phase, 1995–present – Private corporations take over, expand Internet backbone and local service Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Internet: Key Technology Concepts Internet defined as network that: – Uses IP addressing – Supports TCP/IP – Provides services to users, in manner similar to telephone system Three important concepts: – Packet switching – TCP/IP communications protocol – Client/server computing Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Packet Switching Slices digital messages into packets Sends packets along different communication paths as they become available Reassembles packets once they arrive at destination Uses routers Less expensive, wasteful than circuit-switching https://youtu.be/ewrBalT_eBM?si=oxP_FBwu0s8155y2 Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Packet Switching Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – Establishes connections among sending and receiving Web computers – Handles assembly of packets at point of transmission, and reassembly at receiving end Internet Protocol (IP) Four TCP/IP layers – Network interface layer – Internet layer – Transport layer – Application layer Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The TCP/IP Architecture and Protocol Suite Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Internet (IP) Addresses IPv4 – 32-bit number – Four sets of numbers marked off by periods: 201.61.186.227 ▪ Class C address: Network identified by first three sets, computer identified by last set IPv6 – 128-bit addresses, able to handle up to 1 quadrillion addresses (IPv4 can handle only 4 billion) Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Routing Internet Messages: TCP/IP and Packet Switching Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Domain Names, DNS, and URLs Domain name – IP address expressed in natural language Domain name system (DNS) – Allows numeric IP addresses to be expressed in natural language Uniform resource locator (URL) – Address used by web browser to identify location of content on the Web – For example: https://www.cpce-polyu.edu.hk/ Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Domain Names, DNS, and URLs Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Domain Names, DNS, and URLs Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Client/Server Computing Powerful desktop computers (clients) connected in network with one or more servers Servers perform common functions for the clients – Storing files – Software applications – Access to printers, and so on Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Mobile Platform Primary Internet access is now through smartphones and tablets Smartphones are a disruptive technology – New processors and operating systems – Over 245 million in U.S. access Internet with mobile phone Tablets supplement PCs for mobile situations – Over 170 million in U.S. use Internet with tablets Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Internet “Cloud Computing” Model (1 of 3) Firms and individuals obtain computing power and software over Internet Three types of services – Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) – Software as a service (SaaS) – Platform as a service (PaaS) Public, private, and hybrid clouds https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M988_fsOSWo&ab_channel=Simplilearn Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Internet “Cloud Computing” Model (2 of 3) Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Internet “Cloud Computing” Model (3 of 3) Drawbacks – Security risks – Shifts responsibility for storage and control to providers Radically reduces costs of: – Building and operating websites – Infrastructure, IT support – Hardware, software Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Other Internet Protocols and Utility Programs Internet protocols – HTTP – E-mail: SMTP, POP3, IMAP – FTP, Telnet, SSL/TLS Utility programs – Ping – Tracert Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Internet Infrastructure Internet has been able to grow exponentially without disruption because of: – Client/server computing model – Hourglass, layered architecture ▪ Network Technology Substrate ▪ Transport Services and Representation Standards ▪ Middleware Services ▪ Applications Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Hourglass Model of the Internet Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Internet Network Architecture Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Internet Backbone Comprised of fiber-optic cable: hundreds of glass strands that use light to transmit data – Faster speeds and greater bandwidth – Thinner, lighter cables – Less interference – Better data security Tier 1 Internet Service Providers (Tier 1 ISPs) or transit ISPs Numerous private networks physically connected to each other Undersea fiber optics, satellite links Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Internet Backbone Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) Regional hubs where Tier 1 ISPs physically connect with one another and with regional Tier 2 ISPs. Tier 2 ISPs provide Tier 3 ISPs with Internet access. Originally called Network Access Points (NAPs) or Metropolitan Area Exchanges (MAEs). Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Internet Service Providers Retail providers – Lease Internet access to homeowners, small businesses – Large providers: HKBN, PCCW, HGC etc – Smaller local providers Services – Narrowband – Broadband – Digital subscriber line (DSL) – Cable Internet – Satellite Internet Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Campus/Corporate Area Networks Local area networks operating within a single organization, such as CPCE-PolyU or HSBC Lease Internet access directly from regional and national carriers Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Mobile Internet Access Two basic types of wireless Internet access: – Telephone-based (mobile phones, smartphones) – Computer network-based (wireless local area network- based) Telephone-based wireless Internet access – Currently based on 3G and 4G technologies – 5G will provide higher bandwidth with speeds reaching 10 Gbps or more Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) - Based Internet Access Wi-Fi (various 802.11 standards) – High-speed, fixed broadband wireless LAN (WLAN) – Wireless access point (“hot spots”) – Limited range but inexpensive WiMax Bluetooth Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Wi-Fi Networks Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Other Innovative Internet Access Technologies: Drones, Balloons, and White Space Google: Project Loon Facebook: Facebook Connectivity Lab/Acquila drone Microsoft: Airband Initiative (white spaces) Starlink Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Internet of Things (IOT) Objects connected via sensors/RFID to the Internet “Smart things” Interoperability issues and standards Security and privacy concerns https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mBO2vqLv38 Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Who Governs the Internet? Organizations that influence the Internet and monitor its operations include: – Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) – Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) – Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) – Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) – Internet Architecture Board (IAB) – Internet Society (ISOC) – Internet Governance Forum (IGF) – World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) – Internet Network Operators Groups (NOGs) Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Web 1989–1991: Web invented – Tim Berners-Lee at CERN – HTML, HTTP, web server, web browser 1993: Mosaic web browser w/GUI – Andreessen and others at NCSA – Runs on Windows, Macintosh, or Unix 1994: Netscape Navigator, first commercial web browser 1995: Microsoft Internet Explorer Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Hypertext Text formatted with embedded links – Links connect documents to one another, and to other objects such as sound, video, or animation files Uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and URLs to locate resources on the Web – Example URL: http://megacorp.com/content/features/082602.html Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Markup Languages Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) – Fixed set of pre-defined markup “tags” used to format text – Controls look and feel of web pages – Used in conjunction with CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) – HTML5 the newest version eXtensible Markup Language (XML) – Designed to describe data and information – Tags used are defined by user Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Web Servers and Web Clients Web server software – Enables a computer to deliver web pages to clients on a network that request this service by sending an HTTP request – Basic capabilities: Security services, FTP, search engine, data capture Web server – May refer to either web server software or physical server – Specialized servers: Database servers, ad servers, and so on Web client – Any computing device attached to the Internet that is capable of making HTTP requests and displaying HTML pages Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Web Browsers Primary purpose is to display web page, but may include added features – Google’s Chrome: almost 70% of desktop market and about 65% of mobile market ▪ Open source – Mozilla Firefox: 8% desktop, >1% mobile ▪ Open source – Microsoft Edge: 7% desktop – Internet Explorer: 6% desktop – Apple’s Safari: 4% desktop, 27% mobile Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved The Internet and Web: Features Features on which the foundations of e-commerce are built: – Communication tools – Search engines – Downloadable and streaming media – Web 2.0 applications and services – Virtual reality and augmented reality – Intelligent digital assistants Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Communication Tools E-mail – Most used application of the Internet Messaging Applications – Instant messaging Online message boards Internet telephony – VOIP Videoconferencing, video chatting, telepresence Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Insight on Technology: Zoom in the Midst of the Pandemic Class Discussion – What has your experience using Zoom and other videoconferencing services during the pandemic been like? – What challenges does Zoom face? – How has Zoom responded to those challenges? Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Search Engines Identify web pages that match queries based on one or more techniques – Keyword indexes – Page ranking Also serve as: – Shopping tools – Advertising vehicles (search engine marketing) – Tool within e-commerce sites Top three providers: Google, Microsoft’s Bing, Verizon Media (Yahoo) Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved How Google Works Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Downloadable and Streaming Media Downloads: – Growth in broadband connections enables large media file downloads Streaming technologies – Enables music, video, and other large files to be sent to users in chunks so that the file can play uninterrupted Podcasting Explosion in online video viewing Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Web 2.0 Features and Services Online Social Networks – Services that support communication among networks of friends, peers Blogs – Personal web page of chronological entries – Enables web page publishing with no knowledge of HTML Wikis – Enables documents to be written collectively and collaboratively – E.g., Wikipedia Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Virtual reality (VR) – Immersing users within virtual world – Typically uses head-mounted display (HMD) – Oculus Rift, Vive, PlayStation VR Augmented reality (AR) – Overlaying virtual objects over the real world, via mobile devices or HMDs – Pokémon GO Mixed reality (AR) – Enhanced version of AR Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Intelligent Digital Assistants Computer search engine using: – Natural language – Conversational interface, verbal commands – Situational awareness Can handle requests for appointments, flights, routes, event scheduling, and more. – Examples: ▪ Apple’s Siri ▪ Google Now/Google Assistant ▪ Amazon Alexa Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Mobile Apps Use of mobile apps has exploded – Most popular entertainment media, over TV – Always present shopping tool – Almost all top 100 brands have an app Platforms – iPhone/iPad (iOS), Android App marketplaces – Google Play, Apple’s App Store, Amazon’s Appstore Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved THANK YOU 54