Information and Communication Technology (ICT) PDF

SINGIDA TEACHERS COLLEGE-PEMBA BRANCH CERTIFICATE IN PRE AND LOWER PRIMARY EDUCATION INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY SHARIF S. SHSRIF [email protected]/0717601400 TABLE OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION TO ICT i) Concept of ICT...

SINGIDA TEACHERS COLLEGE-PEMBA BRANCH CERTIFICATE IN PRE AND LOWER PRIMARY EDUCATION INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY SHARIF S. SHSRIF [email protected]/0717601400 TABLE OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION TO ICT i) Concept of ICT ii) Types of ICT facilities iii) Importance Of ICT in Teaching and Learning iv) Limitation of ICT in Teaching and Learning A) TELEPHONE i) Concept of Telephone ii) Types of Telephone iii) Uses of Telephone in Teaching and Learning iv) Strength of Telephone in Teaching and Learning process v) Limitation of Telephone in Teaching and Learning process B)POSTAL SERVICE i) Concept of Postal Services ii) Services Provided By Postal Services iii) Postal Services In Teaching and Leaning iv) Strength and limitations of Postal Services in Teaching and Learning. C) LIBRARY i) Concept of Library ii) Types of Library iii) Using Library iv) Advantage and Disadvantages of Library 1|Page  D) RADIO i) Concept Of Radio ii) Components of Radio iii) Scale Frequencies iv) Uses of Radio in Teaching and Learning v) Limitation of Radio in Teaching and Learning E)TELEVISION i) Concept of Television ii) Types of Broadcasting Station iii) Components of Television iv) Uses of Radio in Teaching and Learning v) Limitation of Television in Teaching and Learning F) COMPUTER i) Concept of the Computer ii) History of the Computer iii) Types of Computers iv) Uses of Computer in Teaching and Learning v) Strength and limitations of Computer in Teaching and Learning. 2. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER APPLICATION i) Identify different computer software and hardware ii) Analyze uses of Computer Components iii) Procedures of Turning ON and Shut Down of Computer iv) Desktop Management v) File and Folder Management 3. MICROSOFT OFFICE APPLICATION i) Introduction to Microsoft Office ii) Microsoft Word 2|Page  iii) Microsoft Excel iv) Microsoft Power Point v) Microsoft Publisher 4. INTERNET i) Concept of Internet ii) Browser iii) Search Engine iv) Web site v) E-mail 5. ICT IN EDUCATION i) Concept of ICT in Education ii) ICT in Learner Centered Instruction iii) ICT in Educational Measurement and Evaluation 3|Page  INTRODUCTION TO ICT ICT stands for ―Information and Communication Technology.‖ ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar to Information Technology (IT), but focuses mainly on communication technologies. This includes the internet, wireless network, cell phones, and other communication medium. TYPES OF ICT FACILITIES ICT facilities that can be used in our daily activities include computer, printer, digital camera, and projector. Also these work together with software to archive the goals specified such software are application programs, windows and system software. Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, listening, investigation, study or research. The some of the tools used to transmit information are the radio, telephone, television and computer. Communication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using verbal interactions, symbols, or signs. Technology is the use of scientific knowledge, experience, and resources to create processes and products that fulfill human needs. Technology is very important in communication. 4|Page THE IMPORTANCE OF ICT IN TEACHING AND LEARNING 1. ICT has positive impact on student‘s performances. 2. ICT tools are helpful for learners to do assignments. 3. ICT helps learners with special needs to be included in learning process. 4. ICT helps to reduce social differences between pupils. 5. ICT has significant impact on teachers and teaching processes. 6. ICT helps to organize our works through digital portfolios and projects. 7. ICT provides teachers with new skills and introducing new pedagogy into the classroom. TELEPHONE Telephone is an instrument that transmits voice over a distance. A telephone is a device that converts the human sound into a form that is transmittable through wire or radio technology (wireless) and reproduces it at a faraway place in an audible format. A person can talk and communicate with other person at distant place with the use of a telephone. TYPES OF TELEPHONES There are various types of telephones include fixed landlines, cordless telephone, mobile phones, etc Fixed telephone: A fixed telephone (also land-lines telephone, corded telephone) is one that connected through a set of wires. It is immobile. 5|Page Cordless telephone: A cordless telephone (also portable telephone) comes with a wireless handset that uses radio technology to communicate with the base station. A base-station is fixed at a place and the telephone wires are connected to it. These telephones are portable, but within works with very limited distances, typically with in the same or few floors from the base-station. Mobile phones: A mobile phone (also cellular phone) is wireless handset that enables users to make calls and send messages while moving around wide range of geographical areas. A smart phone is a mobile phone that has enhances features comparable with those of a computer. It has smart features such as operating system, web-browser, touch screen, music-player etc. USES OF TELEPHONE 1. The telephones can be used to help students to access web based content , share it , collaborate with others and create media rich deliverable for the classroom teachers as well as global audience. 2. To store and retrieve information such as e-books, instructional materials, reviewing students‘ marks thus making teaching and learning practices more effective. 3. Mobile phones can be used to provide course materials to students including due dates for assignments and information about time table and room changes. 4. Students can view their teachers‘ web page or access some other online English learning resources via mobile phones and they can also take online tests. 6|Page  STRENGTH OF TELEPHONE IN TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS 1. Parent’s Peace of Mind. Cell phones now allow us to stay in contact with our friends and family anywhere that we are. It is able students to communicate problems and emergencies with their parents when they are at school as well. 2. The Information Highway. Any answer to any question can be found with a few clicks of the keys on the computer or smart phone. Powerful search engines allow an organized and simply way to find the answers that students may need for assignments or projects. 3. Broaden The Mind. Before the internet, children knew what their family taught them. This caused their political and religious views to be the only ones that the children knew. Having access to the technology will expose them to things outside of their parent‘s interests and help them to form their own opinions. 4. Bring Some Fun Into The Classroom. Learning the same exact way from the same person everyday can really get…boring. This boredom turns into a lack of motivation in the students. When they are able to integrate computer learning into their normal schedule, they become much more excited to learn. 5. Applicable Education In the working world, nearly every job you may take, you have to know how to operate a computer. Teaching this skill in children early will give them an advantage and a learning curve for when they are adults. 7|Page  LIMITATION OF TELEPHONE IN TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS 1. Access to in appropriate content. The biggest concern when it comes to the use of technology in schools is how easy pornographic, violent, and other inappropriate materials can be accessed and viewed. This could cause big problems if the materials are shared with other students while in the classroom. 2. Disconnected Youth. The harmful effect of technology has already come to light in today‘s world. People are attached to their screens almost 24/7, which is causing an entirely new set of social issues to pop up. This translates into the school in a bit of different way, however. More and more students are experiencing social concern when it comes to face interactions, but are perfectly fine socializing online. 3. The Cyber bullying Trap. Giving students access to anonymous accounts and endless contact opportunities can only lead to trouble. Cyber bullying has become a real and in our face problem among young people today. This harassment has no end, which includes the class room. There is also no way to monitor or discipline students who are involved. 4. Inevitable cheating. While have an easy access to information may seem like a great thing, it can become a real problem in a test taking environment. Cell phones have made cheating easier than ever. 5. A Major Distraction. Special treatment dive significantly in the classroom when students have their cell phones or other technologies out.The focus shift from 8|Page  their teacher and education, to whatever they are looking at, playing, or doing on their phones. POSTAL SERVICES Postal office is an office or station of a government/non-government responsible for postal services at which mail (letters and packages) is received and organized, from which it is transferred and spread. A postal service is a system used to send mail (letters and packages) from one place to another. Today people can send mail nearly anywhere in the world. SERVICES PROVIDED BY POSTAL SERVICES  Receiving and sending of letters  Receiving and sending of parcels  Receiving and sending of money  Receiving and sending of registered letters  Receiving and sending of postal cash  Sale of postage stamps  Packaging and stationary services POSTAL SERVICES IN TEACHING AND LEANING  It facilitates learning  Involves participation  It Promotes team work  To provide experiences in proper completion of forms 9|Page   To help develop a sense of responsibility.  To form community partnerships and encourage support of school programs.  To provide children with real-life experiences in which to apply basic skills, such as: writing a letter, using the mail system. STRENGTH AND LIMITATIONS STRENGTH  Lecture details and the changed scheduled can be informed to students.  Research articles can be sent to students.  Study material can be provided to all students easily.  PowerPoint presentation and other useful information can be shared within students.  Easy submission of the written work by email.  Effective communication medium where students and teachers can share information. LIMITATIONS  Not all students have to access services.  Student need to check email regularly for regular updates.  Students have to reply teacher's or professor's mail. LIBRARY Library is a place where books are kept for reading or borrowing. A library‘s collection can include books, newspapers, magazines, maps, printed documents, CDs, cassettes, video tapes and DVDs. Libraries are classified according to the types of users and services offered. Hence we can categorize them into the following categories:- 10 | P a g e  1. National library: Is a library established y the government. 2. Public library: Is a library intended to provide services to the general public and usually makes at least some of its books available for borrowing. 3. Special Library: Is a place where information is evaluated, analyzed, filled, and presented in a style that maximizes its usefulness. 4. Academic library: are libraries established in learning institutions to help the teaching and learning process. There are three types of academic libraries:- I. University library II. College library III. School library CONCEPT OF THE RADIO A radio is an electronic device that receives and transmits sound wave over long distances through Wireless. According to function radio can be classified into; -, 1. Radio receiver 2. Radio transmitter. A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. A radio receiver (commonly also called a radio) is an electronic device that receives radio waves and coverts the information carried by them to usable form. It is used with an antenna. The antenna intercepts radio waves (electromagnetic waves) and coverts them to tiny alternating 11 | P a g e currents which are applied to the receiver, and the receiver extracts the desired the information. A transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which generates a radio frequency alternating current. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic devices that communicate by radio, such as cell phones, wireless computer networks. An antenna or aerial is an electronic device which coverts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa.It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. COMPONENTS OF RADIO A radio consists of five components. These includes I. On and off knob is used to turn on or off an electric current. II. Volume knob is used to increase or reduce the radio sound volume. III. Ariel or antenna is for attracting the sound waves. IV. Meter band display is used to show frequency wave lengths of various radio station. SCALE FREQUENCIES ARE OF FOUR TYPES. i) Short Waves (SW) ii) Medium Wave (MW) iii) Amplitude Modulation (AM) iv) Frequency Modulation (FM) 12 | P a g e  CONCEPT OF TELEVISION (TV) Television (TV) is an electronic device for receiving Television signal and displaying them in visual form. Television system is a telecommunication system that transmits image of objects (stationary or moving) between distant points. TV Station –station for the production and transmission of television broadcasts. Broadcasting station or broadcasting station-a station equipped to broadcast radio or television programs. Broadcasting studio –a studio where broadcasts ordinate. Types of broadcasting stations. i) Local television stations are broadcasting television station which operates within a short distance. Example ITV, TBC 1, ZBC, AZAM TV, STAR TV. ii) International television stations are television located outside our country. Example, CNN, BCC, ALJAZEERA COMPONENTS OF A TELEVISION I. Screen is used for displaying pictures. II. Speaker is used for production of stereo sounds to enable the listener to hear the transmission. III. Power button is a button used to turn on/off the television. IV. Tuner is used for selecting channels or frequency. V. Volume button is used for adjusting volume. NB: The volume can be adjusted by using a remote controller. 13 | P a g e  INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER A computer is an electronic device that process a user‘s input, usually referred to as data to a desired output also known as information. This is made possible by a set of instructions called computer programs stored in a computer. Data can be defined as raw facts that do not have meaning to the user and include numbers, letters and symbols. Information is processed data that meaningful to the user. A computer is said to be electronic because it utilizes electronic signals to process information. Together with other telecommunication devices computers have become one of the fastest, reliable means of communication. The integration of computers and telecommunication facilities for the purpose of communication is what referred to as Information and Communication Technology (ICT). CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS Speed: Computers work at an incredible speed. A powerful computer is capable of performing about 3-4 million simple instructions per second. Accuracy: In addition to being fast, computers are also accurate. Errors that may occur can almost always attributed by human error (inaccurate data, poorly designed system or faulty instructions or programs written by the programmer). 14 | P a g e Diligence: Unlike human beings, computers are highly dependable. They do not suffer from human qualities/characteristics and tiredness resulting in luck of concentration. Computers, therefore, are better than human beings in performing large and repetitive jobs. Versatility: Computers are versatile machines and are capable of performing any task as long as it can be broken down into a series of logical steps. The presence of computers can be seen in almost every area of life – Railway/Air reservation, Banks, Health, Weather forecasting and many more. Storage Capacity: Today‘s computers can store large volumes of data. Information once recorded (or stored) in the computer, can never be forgotten and can be retrieved almost immediately. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION A computer system consists of mainly four basic units; namely input unit, storage unit, processing unit and output unit. A computer performs five major operations or functions irrespective of its size and make. These functionalities of a computer include: 1. It accepts data or instructions as input. 2. It stores data instructions. 3. It processes data as per instructions. 4. It controls all operations inside a computer. 5. It gives results in the form of output. 15 | P a g e Functional Units: a. Input Unit: This unit is used for entering data and programs into the computer system by the user for processing. b. Storage Unit: The storage unit is used for storing data and instructions before and after processing. c. Output Unit: The output unit is used for storing the results as output produced by the computer after processing. d. Processing Unit: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided. It is responsible for all functions and processes. The CPU is comprised of three main parts: 1. Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU): Performs all arithmetic and logical operations.Arithmetic calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Logical operations like greater-than, less-than and equal to. 2. Control Unit: Controls all operations like input, processing, and output are performed by control unit.It takes care of step by step processing of all operations inside the computer controls and co-ordinates computer components. 3. Register: Store the data that so to be executed next. (Very fast storage area). 16 | P a g e What a computer do? First Accepts data such as raw facts, figures, numbers, letters and symbol. Then Processes data into information (Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful). SDC. Finally Produces and stores results What is Computer Literacy?  Computer Literacy: Means an understanding of what a computer is and how it can be used as a resource.  Means knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses  To use a computer, a user must be computer literate. Note:  Computer literate is a person having sufficient knowledge and skill to be able to use computers. Computer literacy can be explained through the following three-part definition a. Awareness: becoming aware of potential of computers in our society b. Knowledge: know how computer work and their function c. Interaction: become comfortable in sitting before computer and use it for some suitable purpose. HOW TO GET INFORMATION FROM THE COMPUTER. The following principle is used IPO (Input- Process -Output) 1. Data is input into the computer through input devices 2. Computer process the data as per instructions 3. Computer gives out information 17 | P a g e  SUMMARY INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT DATA PROCESSING CYCLE. The data processing activities can be grouped in four functional activities: 1. Data input 2. Data Processing 3. Information Output 4. Storage Thus constituting what is known as a Data Processing cycle NOTE: The above functions are performed in a logical sequence. COMPUTER MEMORY Computer‘s memory can be classified into two types;  Primary memory  Secondary memory Primary memory: Primary memory can be further classified as:-  RAM  ROM RAM (Random Access Memory) It is a memory inside the computer system that is responsible for storing data on a temporary basis, so that it can be quickly accessed by the processor as and when needed. It is the place in a computer where the 18 | P a g e operating system, application programs and data in current use are kept temporarily so they can be accessed by the computer‘s processor. It is said to be ‗volatile‘ since its contents are accessible only as long as the computer is on. The content of RAM are no more available once the computer is turned off. RAM is considered ―random access‖ because you can access memory cell directly if you know the row and column. ROM (Read Only Memory) It is a special type of memory which can only be read and its contents are not lost even when the computer is switched off. It is a permanent form of storage. ROM also stores an initial program called the boot strap loader whose function is to start the operation of computer system once the power is turned on. ROM stays active regardless of whether power supply is turned on or off. Rom device do not allow data stored on them to be modified. Secondary Memory. Secondary/auxiliary memory is storage other than the RAM. These include devices that are peripheral and are connected and controlled by the computer to enable permanent storage of programs and data. Secondary storage devices are of two types; magnetic and optical. Magnetic devices include hard disks and optical storage devices are CDs and DVDs. 19 | P a g e  DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RAM AND ROM RAM ROM I. It is a volatile memory -It is a non-volatile memory. II. It is comparatively -It is comparatively expensive. Cheaper. III. It is working memory -It is start up memory which stores which the startup information. Stores data being currently Processed. -It is a read-only memory. IV. It is read and writes memory. PHYSICAL PARTS OF A COMPUTER A desktop computer is made up of several interconnected that work together as a single unit. A typical computer is made up of system unit and other devices connected to the system unit called peripheral devices. Examples of peripheral devices include monitor, keyboard and mouse. SYSTEM UNIT This is the part houses the brain if the computer called the central processing unit (CPU). The system unit also houses other device called drives. Drives are used to store record and read data. 20 | P a g e Keyboard It‘s is the most common peripheral device that enables the user to enter data and instructions in a computer. Monitor A monitor is simply the screen or television like device used for displaying information. It is called a monitor because it enables the user to monitor what is going on in the computer. 21 | P a g e Mouse A mouse is a pointing device that enables the user to execute command. It is used to control an arrow displayed on the screen. To execute a command, the user moves the mouse which consequently moves the mouse which consequently moves the pointer on the screen. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. The following are the main five generations of computers GENERATION YEAR DESCRIPTION FIRST GENERATION 1940-1959 Vacuum tube based SECOND GENERATIO 1959-1965 Transistor based THIRD GENERATION 1965-1971 Integrated circuit based FOURTH GENERATION 1971-1980 VL SI microprocessor based FIFTH GENERATION 1980-onwards UL SI microprocessor based 22 | P a g e FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS (1940s-1959) First generation computers were very large physically and used thousands of electronic gadgets called vacuum tubes or thermionic valves. These computers consumed a lot of power. SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS (1959-1965) Computers in this generation operated using tiny solid-state electronic device called transistors that were much smaller than vacuum tubes. These computers produce less heat, were much faster, smaller in size and more reliable than those made of vacuum tubes. THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS (1965-1971) The third generation of computers used electronic devices called integrated circuit which consists of thousands of smaller transistor circuits attached on a semiconductor called silicon chip. They use less heat, smaller in size and were easier to program. FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS (1971-1980) Technological improvement was done on this generation. In this stage the innovation and technological development of the brain of the computer called the microprocessor. The computers are small in size and easier to use and maintain. FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS (1980- to present) Today‘s computers fall in this generation. They have high processing power and speed. Their size is increasingly becoming smaller. They are characterized by connectivity to internet, superior hardware software and are very small in size. 23 | P a g e CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Computers are classified according to:-  Physical size  Purpose  Functionality CLASSIFICATIONA ACCORDING TO PHYSICAL SIZE Based on physical size, computers can be classified into four main groups namely, supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers and microcomputers. SUPERCOMPUTERS  The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are used for weather forecasting, animated graphics (movie films), nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.  Allows Multi-user and Capability of supporting hundreds of millions users at a time. This computer is most powerful and very expensive compared to all types of computers MAINFRAME COMPUTERS A mainframe is a computer which allows multi-user and capability of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users at a time.  This computer has more powerful than Microcomputers.  Mainframe computers can be used in Banks, Large insurance companies, Building societies, utility companies etc. 24 | P a g e MINICOMPUTERS Minicomputers are computers small than mainframe computers in terms of speed and size but larger than microcomputer  Minicomputers are characterized with following features  Support multi-user access.  Small in size usually took up to the size of a large refrigerator or two.  Can process few millions of program instructions per second. MICROCOMPUTER/PERSONAL COMPUTER A microcomputer is a small single-user computer based on a microprocessor. They are often called personal computers because they are designed to be used by one person at a time.  Personal computers are typically used at home, at school, or at a business.  Popular uses for microcomputers include word processing, surfing the web, sending and receiving e-mail, spreadsheet calculations, database management, editing photographs, creating graphics, and playing music or games. TYPES OF MICROCOMPUTERS 1. Personal digital assistant (PDAs) 2. Desktop computers 3. Laptops 4. Palmtop Computers 5. Notebook Computers 25 | P a g e Types of Computers by Purpose There are two types of computers according to classification by purpose: a. General purpose computers: General purpose computers are designed to solve wide range of problems such as science, technology, education, business etc. b. Special purpose computers: Special purpose computers are designed for a particular job/purpose only; to solve problems of a restricted nature. Types of Computers by functionality. A. Analog Computers: An analog computer measures and operates on data that are represented in the form of continuous variables e.g. voltage, pressure, temperature, distance, speed etc. Examples of analog computers include car speedometer, multimeter, fuel pump at filling stations etc. B. Digital Computers: A digital computer represents and processes data in discrete/numerical form, using binary system. Examples include desk calculators, adding machines, personal computers etc. C. Hybrid Computers: A hybrid computer combines the features of both analog and digital computers. ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS a) Computers are very accurate. (GIGO). b) Computer Simplify Communication. c) Entertainment through Games and Music. d) Computer creates employment to the people e.g. Secretaries. e) Improve training e.g. in School, Universities. f) Computers are extremely fast. g) Computers can keep large amounts of information in a small space. 26 | P a g e  h) Computers can work continuously for 24 hours a day without being tired. i) Diligence-can work continuously for 24 hours j) Consistency/diligent-always give the same result without changes k) Versatility-able to adapt or to be adopted to different functions or activities l) Automation-working by itself with little or without direct human control. DISADVANTAGES/LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTERS 1. Loss of data. When you use a computer, it is possible that data can be lost because of hardware or software damage. 2. Health problems. Eye sight defect and killing of reproductive cells especially for males. 3. Staff needs training to use it. 4. It depends on electricity. 5. Destruction of culture/moral decay.adoption of wearing style and watching pornographic movies. 6. Computers can replace people and hence cause unemployment. 7. Computers are not always secure, and confidential information can be misused. APPLICATION OF COMPUTER IN DIFFERENT AREAS 1. Workplace: Many people use computers to keep records, analyze data, do research, and manage projects. 2. Military: for security purpose. 3. Hospital: for disease detection and record keeping. 4. Learning institution: like colleges, universities, primary and secondary school for registration and learning tools. 5. Bank: all transaction in bank done by using computer. 27 | P a g e  6. Industry: for production, order and supply. 7. Home: find information, store pictures and music, track finances, play games, and communicate with others. THE STRENGTHS OF USING COMPUTER IN TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS. I. Using computer in the classroom allows you to experiment more in pedagogy II. There are countless resources for enhancing education and making learning more fun and effective. III. Computer can automate a lot of your tedious tasks. IV. Students can learn life skills through computer V. Using computer projectors to present lessons adds/the audio-visual element to instruction and reaches those whose learning style is not addressed through traditional teacher lecture. VI. When student s are using computer, they are in a active role of recipient of information transmitted by a teacher, textbook broadcast. VII. Computer makes the teaching and learning process more enjoyable, interesting and interactive by using of software programs such as educational games, PowerPoint presentation, Photoshop and other audio-visual presentations 28 | P a g e  VIII. Using computer projectors to present lessons adds the audio-visual element to instruction and reaches those whose learning style is not addressed through traditional teacher lecture. LIMITATIONS OF USING COMPUTER TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS. i.Unhealthy and hinders learning. ii.Computers are expensive. iii.Computer can be a distraction society and culture. iv. Computer can foster more cheating in class and on assignments. v. Students do not have equal access to computer resources. vi. The quality of research and sources they find may not be top-notch. vii. Lesson planning can become more labor intensive with computer. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER APPLICATION COMPUTER HARDWARE Computer is really a system of many parts working together. The physical parts, which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware. Your system may look a little different, but it probably has most of these parts. A laptop computer has similar parts but combines them into a single notebook-sized package. The figure below shows the most common hardware in a desktop computer system. 29 | P a g e Note: Computer Hardware can be divided basically into two; the CPU and Peripherals. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT This is an integral part of system unit of computer system that made up of other components like; the main storage, the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit. Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) performs the:- - Arithmetic Operations - Data Handling Operations - Logical Functions. 30 | P a g e Control Unit The Control Unit examines the individual instructions in the ‗users‘ program one by one, interprets each instruction and causes the various circuits to be activated to perform the functions specified. Some of the functions of the control unit are: a. It co-ordinates the various parts of the computer system to form a composite integrated data processing system. b. It controls the transfer of data between and within the working stores as required by the program. c. It controls input/output. Once the program controller has initiated a read/write operation, the control unit continues to monitor the operation to ensure that it is satisfactorily completed. d. The control unit co-ordinates the several concurrent peripheral operations while data is processed internally within the CPU. Register: (Main Storage) Store the data that so to be executed next. The register (Main Storage) contains two types of memory chips, named the Random-Access Memory (RAM) and Read-Only Memory (ROM). PERIPHARAL DEVICES INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES Peripheral devices are connected to the system unit using special cables called interface cables that transmit data and information to and from the devices. The cables are attached to the system unit through connectors called ports. 31 | P a g e Input Device Is the device that allow data and instructions to enter a computer (such as a keyboard, mouse, scanner) Input: is any resource required for the functioning of a process, in the course of which it will be transformed into one or more outputs. Examples of input devices are:- Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone, Touch Screen, Scanner, Webcam, Touch Pads, Camera, Pen Input. Microphone, Gamepad, joy stick Keyboard A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:  The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on where they are used.  The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to enter numbers quickly.  The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within a document or webpage. Mouse A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like an actual mouse. A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and a secondary button. Many mice also have a wheel between the two buttons, which allows you to scroll smoothly through screens of information. 32 | P a g e Touch Screens Touch screen is a special screen that is able to detect the position on the screen that a user‗s finger is touching or pointing at. Joysticks Joysticks are used more on video games than with PCs. A joystick has a short vertical handle that can be tilted forwards and backwards, left and right. A joystick allows the user to point to objects on the screen in the same way as a mouse. Light Pen A light pen allows the user to point the pen at different parts of a screen to select an option or draw a graphic, so it is like very accurate Touch screens. The use of light pens is quite rare. Optical Scanners Optical scanning devices read text or graphics and convert them into digital input for the computer. Thus, optical scanning enables the direct entry of data from source documents into a computer system. Voice Recognition Voice recognition systems analyses and classify speech or vocal tract patterns and convert them into digital codes for entry into a computer system. Smart Cards Smart Cards embed a microprocessor chip and several kilobytes of memory into debit, credit, and other cards. Smart debit cards enable the user to store a cash balance on the card and electronically transfer some of it to others to pay for small items and services. 33 | P a g e Digital Cameras Digital still cameras and digital video cameras (digital camcorders) enable the user to shoot, store, and download still photos or full motion video with audio into a PC. Then image-editing software can be used to edit and enhance the digitized images and include them in newsletters, reports, multimedia presentations, and web pages. Bar Coding Bar coding is the representation of code numbers or other data by bars or lines printed or embossed on a data carrier. The data carrier may be a tag, ticket, label, plastic card or a packet/can holding goods. Output devices: Are the devices that allow information to be represented (that is, given out) to the user, such as a display screen or printer): The product of the transformation of inputs by a process. Example of Output Devices: Monitor, LCD Projection Panels, Printers (all types), Plotters, Speaker(s), and Projector. Basic types of monitors are A. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). B. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). C. Light- emitting diode (LED). Printer types: 1-Laser Printer. 2-Ink Jet Printer. 3-Dot Matrix Printer 34 | P a g e COMPUTER SOFTWARE Computer software is a collection of instructions that enable the user to interact with computer hardware to perform tasks, without software computers would be useless. For example, without Internet browser, you could not serve the Internet and without an operating system, the browser could not run on your computer. Computer software can categorize into two types. Application software System software Application software is a software that design for a specific application. Example –softy ware for billing system, accounting software that enables the creation and storage of documents. System software is the operating system. Which is very important for the working of PC. Example –windows 98, windows XP, Solaris, Linux, Vista etc. Compilers: Besides the application software and the system software, there is a third kind of software called the compiler software. Compiler software is software that converts the programming language to machine level language. Interpreter Translate the high level language and execute the instruction before passing on to the next instruction. Operating Systems An operating system is a collection of programs which takes over the operation of the computer to the extent of being able to allow a number 35 | P a g e of programs to be run on the computer without human interventions by an operator. Functions of Operating Systems An operating system (OS) performs five basic functions in the operation of a computer system, namely, providing a user interface, resource management, task management, file management, as well as utilities and support services. 1. The User Interface: This is the part of the operating system that allows the user to communicate with it so that the user can load programs, access files, and accomplish other tasks. The main types of user interfaces are 2. Resource Management: An operating system uses a variety of resource management programs to manage the hardware and networking resources of a computer system, including its CPU, memory, secondary storage devices, telecommunications processors, and input/output peripherals. For example, memory management programs keep track of where data and programs are stored. 3. File Management: An operating system contains file management programs that control the creation, deletion, and access of files of data and programs. File management also involves keeping track of the physical location of files on magnetic disks and other secondary storage devices. So, operating system maintains directories of information about the location and characteristics of files stored on a computer systems secondary storage device. 4. Task Management: The task management programs of an operating system manage the completion of the computing tasks of end-users. Task management may involve a multitasking capability where several computing tasks can occur at the same time. Multitasking may take the form of multiprogramming, where the CPU can process the tasks of 36 | P a g e several programs at the same time, or timesharing, where the computing tasks of several users can be processed at the same time. 5. System Utilities: Utility programs are type of system management software that are marketed as separate programs or are included as part of an operating system. Examples include data backup, data recovery, virus protection, data compression, and file defragmentation. All computers require the following hardware components: Central process unit (CPU). The chip or chips at the heart of a computer that enable it to process data. Also known as a processor. Memory: An area within a computer system that holds data waiting to be processed. Storage device: The place where a computer puts data. SWITCHING ON THE COMPUTER SYSTEM 1. Make sure all cable is well connected. 2. Switch on electric/power supply/ Switch Socket 3. Switch ON UPS if is connected to your computer 4. Press on button of the system unit 5. Press ON button of monitor 6. Wait until Booting process complete its task then you can start to use computer. COMPUTER BOOTING Booting is the process of turning ON the computer System. This process includes initializing all your hardware components in your computer and get them to work together and to load your default operating system which will make your computer operational. The Operating system begins to operate as soon as you turn on or boot the computer. 37 | P a g e  TYPES OF BOOTING. There are two types of computer booting: 1. Cold booting 2. Warm booting. Cold Booting. Cold booting is the kind of computer booting where by a user turn on a computer that has been powered off. If the computer is in off state and we boot the Computer by pressing the power switch ‗ON‘ from the system case then it is called as cold booting. Warm Booting This is the kind of computer booting where by a user restart the computer that has been powered on. If the computer is already ‗ON‘ and we restart it by pressing the ‗RESET‘ button from the system box or CTRL, ALT and DEL key simultaneously from the keyboard then it is called warm booting. SHUTTING DOWN THE COMPUTER Shut down is the process of turning off the computer. It is important to properly shut down Windows when turning off your computer—as opposed to just hitting the power switch. Use the Shut Down command on the Start menu when rebooting or turning off your computer. This allows Windows to save your work and make sure that no data is lost. The following steps should be taken when exiting a Windows session. 1. Close any program you are running. In most cases, use the Exit command from the File menu. 2. Click the Start button and click Shut Down. 3. Select from the list of options. The number of options varies depending on whether you are connected to a network or not. 38 | P a g e  4. Wait until you receive a message telling you it is ―safe to turn. The desktop The desktop is the first screen which appears when start up the computer. In windows, desktop includes the taskbar, the start menu, the notification areas, icons of the files and folder saved on the desktop. The taskbar The task bar is a bar located at the desktop. It contains the start button, Internet Explorer, Windows Media Player, Volume and clock icons. The Start Menu The start menu allows you to open programs. Also by using start menu, you can turn off the computer by clicking the shutdown button of the right pane. The Notification Area The notification area, displayed at the bottom-right corner of the taskbar, shows the volume, clock, and Network (internet) Desktop Icons An Icon is a graphical image, small picture or object that represents a file, program or command. In computing, an icon is a pictogram displayed on a computer screen help the user to navigate through a computer system. T he icon itself is a quickly understandable symbol of a software tool, function or a date file, accessible on the system and is more like a traffic sign that illustrate the actual entity it represents. Also in relation to other icons, may provide further information to the user about their usage. It is possible to keep the displaying of the commonly used Icons but it recommended you don‘t delete any Icon that does not have the little 39 | P a g e black arrow in it. It is equally important that you do not change a computer without the permission of the person who owns the computer. Creating a Desktop Icons.  Right-click on the desktop background and choose Personalize from the shortcut menu that appears.  Click the Change Desktop Icons link in the Navigation pane.  Click the check boxes for any desktop icon you want to appear on the Windows 7 desktop. Deleting desk top icon a) Point to the icon b) Right click the icon c) Select delete File A file is a package of information with a name attached to it. Files can record data, such as text (a Word Document) or numbers (an Excel document). A file can be a digital photo, a music clip, or any other piece of digital information. Examples of files are Folder A folder is a container (the storage place) within a digital file system, in which group of computer files and folders can be kept and organized. The files and folder has the most effective and significance in organizing work, it simplify the operation and daily activities for the users. For examples, you might have folders within My documents for deferent task such as 40 | P a g e  Creating file or folder Step: 1. Right click on an empty space where you want to create a folder or file 2. Click new 3. Select folder/ file. 4. Type a name for the new folder/ file, and then press Enter 5. The new folder/ file will appear in the location you specified Deleting file or folder a) Right click on a file/folder you want to delete b) Click delete COPYING AND PASTING FILE OR FOLDER When you copy a file or folder, you are making a duplicate of the original item that you can then modify, delete, or store independently of the original. Steps 1. Open the location that contains the file or folder you want to copy. 2. Right-click the file or folder you want to copy, and then click copy. 3. Select the location where you want to store the copy. 4. Right-click within the location, and then click Paste. Note: The copy of the original file or folder appears in the selected location. To move folder (drag) a) Click on a folder which you want to move b) Hold the button and move the folder. To restore folder a) Open recycle bin b) Select folder which you want to restore 41 | P a g e  c) Right click folder d) Click restore. To rename folder a) Right click on a folder which you want to rename b) Select rename c) Write the name of the folder. PREVIEWING AND PRINTING Previewing document Before printing document, it is better to preview on the screen to make sure that it will print out in the way you planned. Steps 1. Click the Office button 2. Point PRINT 3. Select print Previews MICROSOFT OFFICE (MS) APPLICATION Microsoft Office is an office suite of applications developed by Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on 1 August 1988, at COMDEX in Las Vegas. The first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as common spell checker, OLE data integration and Visual Basic for Applications scripting language. List of Microsoft Office programs  Microsoft Access  Microsoft Excel  Microsoft OneNote  Microsoft Outlook 42 | P a g e   Microsoft PowerPoint  Microsoft Project  Microsoft Publisher  Microsoft Vision  Microsoft Word  One Drive for Business  Skype for Business Opening Microsoft Office Programs a) Click the Start menu b) Click Microsoft Office c) Choose the Microsoft Office Program you what to open. Microsoft Word is the word processing software in the Microsoft Office suite that allows you to easily create a variety of professional-looking documents. Basically, you can use Microsoft Word for creating a new document, opening an existing document and file format Such as Saving the file, Underline text, Bold text, Italic text, Insert and Delete a table or row, Select, Copy, Paste, Drag and Drop text, font size and style, color and saving a document). Uses of MS Word in Teaching and Learning a) To create and design effective document, Microsoft Word is one of the most commonly used word processing tools. b) It is used for many purposes including creating worksheets and notes, attendances sheet, letters, memos and permission slips, student reports and to compile school news letters or newspapers. c) It is possible to draw a table or insert pictures into an existing document. 43 | P a g e  Apply different text typing techniques in MS-Word Working with text in MS-Word It is essential to know some Features and tools of Ms Word Window used to perform basic tasks with text when working in a word processing application. Features and tools of Microsoft Word Window Saving a document In saving the document you can use the Save and Save As commands to save as a Word compatible document and also to save as a PDF. Steps a) Open office button menu b) Choose save As c) Type the file name d) Choose the location (desktop, Documents, in drives) e) Click Save. Formatting the text (a) Bold text Highlight the text Click Bold (b) Italic text Highlight the text Click italic (c) Underline text Highlight the text Click Underline (d) Back ground text color Highlight the text Click highlighting color menu Choose color. 44 | P a g e Table A table is a grid that is used to organize text, data, or picture. It is the intersection of vertical (columns) and horizontal lines (rows) which forms cell. Each cell stores a piece of information. (a) Inserting table Steps: a) Place the pointer where you want to insert the table. b) Click insert menu c) Click table menu d) Insert table e) From drop down list choose insert table. f) Insert number of rows and number of Columns g) Click Ok. (b)Insert row (s) or column (s) in a table a) Right–click cell b) Point insert c) Choose the option from the drop down list. (c) Delete row (s) or column (s) in a table a) Right –click a cell b) Point delete cells c) Choose the option from the drop down list d) Click Ok. (d) Move row (s) or column(s) in a table Steps: 1 Highlight the columns or rows that you need to move. 2 Right-click the selection and choose cut. 45 | P a g e  3 Place the pointer where you want to paste the row or columns. 4 Right-click and choose paste. (e) Merge row (s) or column (s) in a table Steps: 1 Highlight the row (s) or column (s) that you want to merge. 2 Right click and select merge cells. MICROSOFT EXCEL Microsoft excel is among the example of spreadsheet, it is an application software capable to create, modify and save date in a spreadsheet format.it is made up of rows and columns. The combination of row and column forms a cell. Opening a spreadsheet Click start menu, All programs Microsoft office excels. Close a spreadsheet, Simply click close button ( X ) on the top right corner of the Excel window. Common terms used in Microsoft Excel. Rows: These are the horizontal lines which are labeled by number. Columns: These are the vertical lines which are labeled by alphabetical letter. Cell: This is the basic unit of a worksheet into which you enter date. Worksheet: Is a page that is working within M s Excel. 46 | P a g e  Cell Address: is an identification of a cell, each cell has a name, based on the column and row. For example, this cell is C3 since it is where column C and row 3 is selected. Active cell In a spreadsheet, the selected cell acts as an active cell. This is the one into which you can center date. Normally it is around. Working with spreadsheet Entering date To enter date into a cell, first select the cell. The easiest way to select a cell (make it active) is to use the mouse to point the required cell. The active cell reference will appear in the Name box on the left side of the formula bar. Excel also changes the active cell‘s column heading and row to a gold color. Date to be entered in a cell can be a text, numbers and formulas. To enter text in a worksheet:  Click a cell  Enter text Editing or Deleting Date Steps: 1) Double click the cell, 2) Edit the date. 3) Select the active cell 4) Press the Delete key to Delete the enter contents in a cell. 47 | P a g e Performing Calculations in an Excel Worksheet Excel Formulation An Excel is formulas that can be used to perform calculation on the date that is enter into Excel worksheet. All formulas is entered in Excel begin with an equal sign, the result of an Excel formula is stored in the cell where the formula is entered.When the date are changed the formula automatically the new result. Mathematical symbols Mathematical symbols are used to perform arithmetic operation in Excel.The formula must be typed exactly for the calculations to work Mathematical Operator Function example: Plus sign (+) add =SUM (A1:A7) Minus sign (-) subtract =(B5-C5) Asterisk (*) multiply =(B5*C5) Forward slash (/) Divide =(B5/C5) Caret symbol (^) Exponent =AVERAGE (G2:K2) Calculating Average, Grade and Rank in a Work sheet Average The average is calculated by this formula Example =AVERAGE (C2:D2) Press enter to apply the formula to get the answer 48 | P a g e Grade The Grade is calculation by using IF function. Example: =IF (C2>=70,‖A‖,IF(C2>=56,‖B‖,IF(C2>45,‖C‖,‖F‖))) Press enter to apply the formula to get the answer. Rank Rank can be calculation by using the formula. Example: =RANK(C2,$C$2:$C$5) Press enter to apply the formula to get the answer. MICROSOFT PUBLISHER Microsoft publisher is a desktop publishing application that allows you to create and fine tune publications from a variety of templates and blank publication. Application of publisher You can use publisher to create many different types of publications, including items such as promotional flyers, company brochures, garage sale flyers, business cards and school newsletters. Publishing Documents using Publisher Publisher has many types of templates available for you to use. These include quickly these headings to display subheadings with additional templates. 49 | P a g e Creating a publication Creating a professional-looking publication takes planning. For instance, before you even begin your publication, you should know whether you publication, you‘ll have to make certain decisions about how you want to produce and distribute it. Printing and publishing Before you print your publication, take a moment to review the Publisher printing options and setting. These Options give you the ability to control exactly how your publication prints. If you‘d rather not print your publication, Publisher also offers a way to publish electronically. Publishing Electronically Depending on the purpose of your publication, you may decide to publish. It electronically and distribute it online.Publisher offers two ways to do this.You can either:-  Publish as a PDF and attach the file to an email or upload it to a website.  Publish as HTML, which publisher then embeds directly into an email. MICROSOFT POWERPOINT Power point is the presentation graphic software that comes as part of Microsoft office suite With power point, you can use its easy-to-use predefined layouts, themes, and templates to create dynamic and professional presentation. 50 | P a g e  Uses of power point Power point is widely used by business people, education, student and trainers.  It is a powerful tool for use in the school and classroom.  It can be used extensively for presentations during lessons.  It is an excellent medium to use for presentation to the school body or external stake holders.  It is possible to insert picture, images, graphs, charts and videos with little fuss.  It can also be used to create talking books or conduct a quiz in class by making use of ‗buttons‘ and ‗hyperlinks‘ Working with Presentation slides PowerPoint includes all of the features you need to produces professional-looking presentations. PowerPoint presentation made up of a series of slides. The slides contain the information you want to communicate with your audience. The information can include text, pictures, charts, videos, sound and more. Before you begin adding information to slides, you‘ll need to know the basics of working with slides. Normally, we start with a new presentation, insert new slides, modify a layout, move and copy slides, use placeholders, and finally save your presentation. Sample of PowerPoint slide Presenting a lesson Using PowerPoint An effective presenter uses PowerPoint to illustrate and emphasize point that are made in the presentation.An audience that is trying to copy down detailed information from slides will not be able to give you their 51 | P a g e full attention. Consider using handouts for your audiences so they are free to concentrate on listening and understanding. To present a lesson using PowerPoint do the following  Turn ON the computer and Projector  Connect projector to the computer  Open presentation slides  Start presentation INTERNET Internet can be defined in different ways. The internet is an international, wide-area, computer network, similar in design to worldwide telephone network. Or The Internet is a global network of billions of computer and other electronic devices the same concepts that apply to telephones network also apply to the Internet. The Internet is an increasingly important part of everyday life for people around the world. Any computer connected to the Internet can speak to any other computer connected to the Internet. With the Internet, it‘s possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more. The strengths and limitations of using Internet in Teaching and Learning process The various studies have showed that the Internet is very useful an addition teaching resource. So it is important that teachers have knowledge in the use of the Internet in planning and teaching. 52 | P a g e   The Internet is used in education because it facilitates learning, teaching and communication.  Both trainers and trainees can study any topic independently online and they can also find many activities on the Internet to use in order to improve their performance. Some of the limitations of the use of the Internet in education are as follow:-  The technical problems which may cause the lack of Internet access.  The internet services are costly and available mostly in urban areas.  Teachers lacking knowledge and experience on using internet.  Unsuitable information for children and time-consuming browsing on the Internet.  There are many threats of Internet use for young people.  Among other things, there is information about drug use and bomb making on the Internet. SEARCH ENGINE Search engines are specialized websites that help you to find what you‘re looking for on the Web. The common examples of search engines are Google.com, Yahoo.com and Big.com The strength and limitation of search engine in Teaching and Learning process Though search engine can benefit us a lot, we need to use it carefully in order to gain what we want and avoid harmful information. Search engine can become a powerful tool to learn new knowledge it also can hurt you. It depends on how you use search engine. Email Electronic mail (e-mail) is the process of sending and receiving messages or information electronically with assistance of a network (Internet). The 53 | P a g e process of sending an e-mail is similar to the manual process for addressing, writing, and mailing a letter, except e-mail is sent through the computer and internet. All e-mail programs include the option to send and receive mail. Importance of Email The email has great importance in day to day life. Some of them are Productivity tools: Email is usually packaged with a calendar, address book, instant messaging, and more for convenience and productivity. Access to web services: If you want to sign up for an account like Facebook or order products from services like Amazon, you will need an email address so you can be safely identified and contacted. Easy mail management: Email service providers have tools that allow you to file, label, prioritize, find, group, and filter your emails for easy management.You can even easily control spam, or junk email. Privacy: Your email is delivered to your own personal and private account with a password required to access and view emails. Communication with multiple people: You can send an email to multiple people at once, giving you the option to include as few as or as many people as you want in a conversation. Accessible anywhere at any time: You don‘t have to be at home to get your mail. You can access it from any computer or mobile device that has an Internet connection. The email accounts are created special email based websites.Examples of common emails based websites are Gmail.com, Hotmail.com and Yahoo.com. 54 | P a g e INTRODUCTION TO ICT IN EDUCATION ICT in Education means Teaching and learning using Information Communication Technology. The use of ICT in appropriate contexts in education can add value to teaching and learning by enhancing the effectiveness of teaching and learning , or by adding a dimension to learning that was not previously available. ICT may also be a significant motivational factor in students learning, and can support student‘s engagement with collaborative learning. ICT in Learner Centered -Instruction Learner-centered environment defined as those that ―pay careful attention to the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and beliefs that learners bring with them to the classroom.‖ It is important to note that learners are different and they learn through different ways. Therefore, there is no single method or technique on its own which can satisfy the learning needs of all the learners. In order to cater for the needs of all the learners, it is necessary for the teacher to vary the methods of teaching and shift from teacher- centered education to learner – centered education to enable students to acquire the new 21st century knowledge and skills. The Learner-Centered Instruction strategies The following are learner-centered teaching methods. A. Brainstorming B. Field strip C. Drama D. Debates 55 | P a g e  E. Discussions F. Role play G. Problem solving H. Experiments I. Futures wheels Observations J. Question and answer. THE STRENGTHS AND LIMITATION OF THE USE ICT AS LEARNER- CENTER STRATEGY Integrating ICT into education seems to be a necessary issue for educators and education administrators in the world.However , if teachers cannot make good use of the ICT tools, the money and time spent on the ICT is going to be a waste. The following are some of strengths and limitations of use the ICT as learner- center strategy. Strengths  ICT can lead to improved student learning and better teaching methods  Images can easily be used in teaching and improving the retentive memory of students  Teachers can easily explain complex instructions and ensure students comprehension.  Teachers are able to create interactive classes and make the lessons more enjoyable, which could improve student attendance and concentration. Limitations  Setting up the devices can be very troublesome  Too expensive to afford 56 | P a g e   Hard for teachers to use with a lack of experience using ICT tools  There are many education technology solution provided in the world which may cause confusion among educators about how to choose the right ICT solution. Educational measurement refers to the use of educational assessments and the analysis of data such as scores obtained from educational assessments to infer the abilities and proficiencies of learners. It is the assigning of numerals to traits such as achievement, interest, attitudes, aptitudes, intelligence and performance. Educational Evaluation refers to the process to determining the extent to which the objectives are achieved. It involve the determination of the goals and objectives toward which educational efforts are directed and the determination of measurement technique to be utilized in the assessment to desired goals and objectives. Importance of Measurement an evaluation The following are some importance of measurement and evaluation in improving instruction.  Evaluation results enable the teacher to accumulate the experiences and to follow –up diagnosed result s. The weaknesses of the pupils in the class can be identified and remedied, thus pupils performance is enhanced.  Measurement and evaluation measure pupil‘s achievement and motivate pupils learning.  Pupils have the right to know the progress they are making whether they have attained the objectives of the subject of the subject matter 57 | P a g e  or not, thus results must be made known to them. It can also encourage pupils to study more They will be motivated to participate actively in class and exert all efforts just to make certain that they pass. They will know the quality and amount of work have to strive for.  Measurement and evaluation predict ‗success and diagnoses pupils‘ difficulty. The success and failure of a pupil in the class can be predicted through it. The area where pupil excel must be enhanced or strengthened and where pupil fail should be remedied. The difficulties of the pupils should be given the priority for remediation. Knowing the successes and difficulties of the pupils, the teacher will be able to focus on the spots that need enhancement or remediation. USE OF ICT ON EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION There are various ways in which ICT can be used on Educational Measurement and Evaluation.These include:-  To create different results.  To process student s results.  To generate leaners performance reports.  To measure teacher test performance  To set different test questions and examination.  To measure educational performance using charts and graphs. 58 | P a g e  STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF USING ICT ON EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION  ICT application to the core business of education can accelerate and improve learning on a number of fronts.  It can also provide the mean of gathering, and analyzing data about teaching and learning in ways that enable teachers to more accurately diagnose student need and evaluate programs.  If policy advice related to ICT Use in education is to be credible, however, it needs to be backed up by a rich database of lessons learned, best practices, impact evaluations and cost data. 59 | P a g e 60 | P a g e