Lecture 3. Biological Control - Definition, History and Strategies for Effective Pest Control PDF

LECTURE 3 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS Biological control: Definition; History and Strategies for Effective Pest Control Marife S. Sayat Faculty, Crop Protection Department...

LECTURE 3 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS Biological control: Definition; History and Strategies for Effective Pest Control Marife S. Sayat Faculty, Crop Protection Department BS Agriculture Program Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  Biological Control of Insects Pests Biological control can be defined as the use of natural enemies to reduce the damage caused by a insect pest populations. Biological control is a tactic or approach that fits into an overall Insect Pest Management System (IPMS), and represents a potential Alternative Strategy to combat with the insect pest damages to the agriculture & forestry ecocsystems. Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL The term “Biological control” was first used in 1919 by Harry Scott Smith in meeting of American Association of Economic Entomologists, California The first reported by Chinese botanist Ji Han (263 – 207), in his book, (ca. 304 AD) Nan Fang Cao Mu Zhuang” (Plants of the Southern Regions). He mentioned that “Jiaozhi people used and sell reddish-yellow ants and their nets, to control citrus insects pests. Common name: Asian Weaver ant Scientific name: Oecophylla smaragdina Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  EVOLUTION IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Began in the late eighty century with introduction of Vedelia beetle (Rodolia cardinalis) into Central America from Australia for control of cottony cushion scale, Icerya puchasi Patterns of Success By 1986 (Greathead, 1986), 1162 successful introductions of predators and parasitoids undertaken in different parts of world. 25 % Successfully regulated targets pests 69% Intermittent or partial control 6% Failed to provide any control at all Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  EVOLUTION IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL In Russia at around the same time, the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae was used for the control of Anisoplia austriaca, a cereal beetle parasite. Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Preliminary Period (Early History: 200 A.D. to 1887 A.D.) Chinese were the first to use natural enemies to control insect pests. Nests of an ant, Oecophylla smaragdina were sold near Canton in the 3rd Century for use in control of Citrus insect pests such as Tesseratoma papillosa (Lepidoptera) Ants were used in 1200 A.D. for control of date palm pests in Yemen (South of Saudi Arabia). Nests were moved from surrounding hills and placed in trees. Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Preliminary Period (Early History: 1300 A.D. to 1799 A.D.): BC was just beginning to be recognized The first insect pathogen was recognized by De Reaumur in 1726. It was a Cordyceps fungus on a noctuid In 1734, De Reamur suggested to collect the eggs of an “aphidivorous fly” (actually a lacewing) and place them in the greenhouse to control aphids. The mynah bird, Acridotheres tristis, was successfully introduced from India to Mauritius (off coast of Madagascar) for control of the red locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata, 1762. In the late 1700’s, birds were transported internationally for insect control Control of the bedbug, Cimex lectularius, was successfully accomplished by release of the predatory Pentatomid picromerus in 1776 in Europe. Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Preliminary Period (Early History: 1800 A.D. to 1849 A.D.): During this period advances were made in applied and basic approaches of BC In the 1800’s, Darwin discussed “Ichneumonids” as natural control factors for cabbage caterpillars. Hartig (Germany) suggested the rearing of parasites from parasitized caterpillars for mass release in 1827. Kollar (Austrtia) put forth the concept of natural control in 1837. In Verhulst (1838) described the logistic growth equation but the idea remained dormant until 1920 when rediscovered by Pearl. Expressed idea of “environmental resistance”. During the 1840s releases of predators were used for control of gypsy moth and garden pests in Italy. Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Preliminary Period (Early History: 1850 A.D. to 1887 A.D.): During this period the focus on BC was more emphasized through host specific natural enemies 1st successful movement of parasites for biological control when parasites were moved from Kirkwood, Missouri, to other parts of the US for control of the weevil, Conotrachelus nenuphar in 1870 Trichogramma evanescens 2nd successful movement in 1873, Riley sent the predatory mite, Tyroglypus phylloxerae to France to control the grape mite. 3rd successful movement Trichogramma sp. (egg parasites) were shipped from US to Canada for control of lepidopterous pests in 1882. 4th successful movement in 1883 the USDA imported Apanteles glomeratus from England for control of cabbage worm.. Apanteles glomeratus Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL The Intermediate Period 1888 to 1889: The Cottony Cushion Scale Project Cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell, was introduced into California in1868 around the Menlo Park area (near San Francisco) controlled by using Vedalia beetle (Rodolia cardinalis) Charles Valentine Riley (Chief of the Division of Entomolgy, USDA) employed Albert Koebele and D.W. Coquillett in research on control of the cottony cushion scale. He sent 12,000 individuals of Cryptochaetum iceryae and 129 individuals of Rodolia cardinalis (the vedalia beetle) The vedalia beetle controls are scale mainly in the Inland desert areas and C. iceryae controls it in the coastal areas of Califonia. Charles Valentine Riley Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1900 to 1930: New faces and more BC projects The Lantana weed Project in Hawaii (1902) first published work on BC of weeds. The sugarcane leafhopper project in Hawaii (1904-1920). Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association (HSPA) created a Division of Entomology in 1904. Berliner described Bacillus thuringiensis in 1911 as causative agent of bacterial disease for control of Mediterranean flour moth. USDA laboratory for biological control established in France in 1919. Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL The Modern Period: 1957 to Present In 1959, Vern Stern et al. (1959), conceived the idea of economic injury level and economic threshold which enable the growers to take decisions and apply control tactics. During the 1970’s and 1980s, Brain Croft and Marjorie Hoy made impacts by using pesticide resistant natural enemies in cropping systems. In 1983, Frank Howarth publish his landmark paper entitled “Biological Control”. From 1990 to date, two additional control journals, “Biological Control Theoy and Application in Pest Management” (Academic Press) and “Biological Science and Technology” (Carfax Publishing), additionally “Entomophaga” changed its name to “Biocontrol”. Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Introduction of pests natural enemies to a new locale where they do not occur naturally. Involves travelling to the pest species country of origin, researching its natural enemies, collecting and introducing these natural enemies to the location where the pest species is causing problems. E.g. In Australia, Eriosoma lanigerum was controlled by the introduction of its specific parasitoid Aphelinus mali E.g. Parasitoidal wasps Trichogramma ostriniae to control European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL  Avoidance of measures that destroy natural enemies and the use of measure that increase their longevity and reproduction of the attractiveness of an area to natural enemies.  Preservation of inactive stages  avoidance of harmful cultural practices  Maintenance of diversity  natural food, artificial food supplements and shelters  protection from pesticides Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL  achieved by releasing additional numbers of a natural enemy into a system or modifying the environment in such a way as to promote greater number or effectiveness.  involve release of laboratory mass-reared species  Two general approaches to Augmentation Inoculative release Inundative release Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Other predacious insects and microbial sprays used in Inundative biological are; This Trichogramma wasps are used worldwide on a Trichogramma (wasps) variety of crops, and some of these include corn, sugarcane, cotton, vegetables, tree fruits, etc. In fact, they are the most widely used egg parasitoid in the world, and about 30 million hectares of land are treated annually with these little wasps. Trichogramma are often released in vegetable or field crops at a rate of 5,000 to 200,000 per acre per week depending on level of pest infestation. Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Other predacious insects and microbial sprays used in Inundative biological are; insect-pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a species of bacteria that lives in soil. It makes proteins that are toxic to some insects when eaten, but not others. The proteins are not toxic to humans because, like all mammals, we cannot activate them. Bt is not toxic to non-target wildlife. However, one type of Bt (aizawi) can be toxic to honeybees. Bt is used as an insecticide, typically, for insect larvae. Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Other predacious insects and microbial sprays used in Inundative biological are; insect-pathogenic fungi (e.g., Beauveria bassiana) Beauveria bassiana is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and acts as a parasite on various arthropod species, causing white muscardine disease; it thus belongs to the entomopathogenic fungi. It is being used as a biological insecticide to control a number of pests such as termites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids and different beetles Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Inoculative release: Inoculation involves releasing small numbers of natural enemies at prescribed intervals throughout the pest period, starting when the pest population is very low. The natural enemies are expected to reproduce themselves to provide more long-term control. The expected outcome of inoculative releases is to keep the pest at low numbers, never allowing it to approach an economic injury level; therefore, it is more a preventive measure. Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms  Thank you… Course: CC 411: Beneficial Arthropods and Microorganisms References