Lecture 3 Bio Tech 2024 PDF

Introduction to Biotechnology Dr/ Mohamed Salah Basiouny. Spring Semester Mail: [email protected] 2024- 2025 Office No. : 234 Lecture 3 Genetic Engineering: Comprise...

Introduction to Biotechnology Dr/ Mohamed Salah Basiouny. Spring Semester Mail: [email protected] 2024- 2025 Office No. : 234 Lecture 3 Genetic Engineering: Comprises multiple techniques for the intentional manipulation of genetic material (Mostly Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or DNA) to alter, repair, or enhance form or function.  Genetic engineering, also called Recombinant DNA technology, involves a group of techniques used to cut up and join together genetic material, especially DNA from different biological species, and to introduce the resulting hybrid DNA into an organism to form new combinations of heritable genetic material.  Genetic engineering refers to the direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism’s characteristics (phenotype) in a particular way. Genetic engineering  What is a plasmid? A plasmid is a small, circular piece of DNA that not only is separate from the chromosome, but can also replicate independently.  4 Main Areas Of Biotechnology Genetic Engineering Transgenic Mixing genetic material from multiple sources (species) Biotechnology Reproductive cloning Techniques used to clone certain species (mammals) Reprogramming of Reprogramming differentiated cells or using stem cells to Cells become needed tissues in patients with diseases or physical harm Forensic Use of restriction enzymes and electrophoresis to Biotechnology distinguish one person from another  How do they cut out a gene? Restriction enzymes are enzymes that bind to specific recognition sequences to cleave double-stranded DNA Restriction enzymes are useful for many different applications. Because the DNA sequence is different in each organism, the pattern Restriction Enzymes!! of restriction sites will also be different.  Mutations creating or abolishing such recognition sites can, therefore, be investigated by employment of Restriction enzymes.  Insulin…. The pancreas, among other functions, produces a crucial hormone called insulin. This peptide hormone (protein) ensures that glucose is taken up by the cells for cellular respiration. If the pancreas is defective then the blood sugar levels get dangerously high causing many physiological effects (Diabetes mellitus). Using Genetic Engineering technique, scientists were able to use E. coli to bioengineer synthetic insulin in 1977. Other transgenic organisms used to produce insulin today are yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and a plant called safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).  Golden Rice The World Heath Organization estimates that between 1 and 2 million children die each year from vitamin A deficiency. Golden rice is a genetically modified food fortified with beta carotene, which the human body converts into vitamin A.  This transgenic organism is the result of mixing genes from a bacterium and from Daffodils into the rice genome. It is not currently used due to regulatory issues. Do you think we should be able to use it?  What is a clone? It is an exact genetic replica of another cell or organism. What have we cloned so far? DNA (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Cells (creating tissue cultures or stem cell lines) Whole organisms  What has been cloned thus far? Plants have been cloned for thousands of years! Bananas, potatoes, grape vines (grafting), etc. Many trees, shrubs, and vines are just clonal colonies. Animals Parthenogenesis – Parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction in which an egg develops into an embryo without being fertilized by sperm. This process occurs naturally in some plants, invertebrates, and lower vertebrates. Some animals have undergone somatic cell nuclear transfer such as: 22 sheep, rats, cats, goats, dogs, camels, and many others. Animal Cell Culture.. How Could we make Animal Cloning? Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) 26 - Srinibas Kumar (2021), Important Techniques of Biotechnology, https://www.biologydiscussion.com /biotechnology/techniques ‐biotechnology /important‐techniques‐of‐biotechnology‐3‐techniques/15683. - Intro to Biotechnology: Techniques and Applications (2021), https://www.nature.com /scitable/ebooks/intro‐to‐biotechnology‐techniques‐and‐applications‐16570330/cont. - Guide to Biotechnology (2007) Biotechnology Industry Organization