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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of genetic engineering?
What is the main purpose of genetic engineering?
What is a plasmid?
What is a plasmid?
How do restriction enzymes function in genetic engineering?
How do restriction enzymes function in genetic engineering?
Which area of biotechnology involves mixing genetic material from different species?
Which area of biotechnology involves mixing genetic material from different species?
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What physiological condition can arise from a defective pancreas?
What physiological condition can arise from a defective pancreas?
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Which organism was first used to bioengineer synthetic insulin?
Which organism was first used to bioengineer synthetic insulin?
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What does reprogramming of cells involve?
What does reprogramming of cells involve?
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What is the main purpose of Golden Rice?
What is the main purpose of Golden Rice?
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What is a clone in biological terms?
What is a clone in biological terms?
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What is a key application of forensic biotechnology?
What is a key application of forensic biotechnology?
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What is the primary function of the insulin hormone produced by the pancreas?
What is the primary function of the insulin hormone produced by the pancreas?
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Which process involves an egg developing into an embryo without fertilization?
Which process involves an egg developing into an embryo without fertilization?
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What is one method used to clone animals?
What is one method used to clone animals?
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What is the primary reason Golden Rice is not currently used?
What is the primary reason Golden Rice is not currently used?
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Which of the following has NOT been cloned using somatic cell nuclear transfer?
Which of the following has NOT been cloned using somatic cell nuclear transfer?
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Which genetic modification is associated with Golden Rice?
Which genetic modification is associated with Golden Rice?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Biotechnology
- Course title: Introduction to Biotechnology
- Instructor: Dr/ Mohamed Salah Basiouny
- Email: [email protected]
- Office number: 234
- Semester: Spring 2024-2025
- Lecture: 3
Genetic Engineering
- Definition: Multiple techniques to alter, repair, or enhance genetic material (mostly DNA).
- Process:
- Isolating a desired gene fragment from a chromosome using restriction enzymes.
- Inserting the fragment into a DNA vector (often a plasmid).
- Introducing the recombinant DNA into a host organism.
- Replication and reproduction of the host organism carrying the new gene
- Harvesting the desired protein.
Recombinant DNA Technology
- Definition: A group of techniques using to cut up and join genetic material (especially DNA from different species.)
- Purpose: Introduce the resulting hybrid DNA into an organism, leading to new combinations of heritable genetic material.
Genetic Engineering (Specifics)
- Refers to: The direct manipulation of DNA to alter an organism's characteristics (phenotype).
- Methods: Using restriction enzymes such as EcoRI.
- Important processes:
- Using restriction enzymes to snip a gene of interest.
- Inserting the gene into a plasmid (complementary sticky ends).
- Transferring the plasmid into a bacterial cell.
- Letting bacterial cells replicate; purifying the human protein produced by the plasmid.
Plasmids
- Definition: Small, circular pieces of DNA separate from the chromosome, and capable of independent replication.
- Properties:
- Not part of the main chromosome.
- Can replicate independently.
- Found in bacterial cells.
- Circular pieces of DNA
Transgenic Organisms
- Types:
- Yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
- Plants (e.g., Safflower)
- Bacterium (e.g., Ecoli)
Golden Rice
- Definition: Genetically modified rice fortified with beta carotene.
- Purpose: Increases vitamin A content in rice
- Problem Addressed: Vitamin A deficiency in children, causing health issues.
- Genetic Modification process: Mixing genes from bacteria and daffodils into rice genome.
- Current Status: Regulatory issues prevent widespread use.
Cloning
- Definition: Exact genetic replica of a cell or organism.
- Types:
- DNA (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- Cells (tissue cultures, stem cells)
- Whole organisms (e.g., sheep)
- Plants: bananas potatoes grapes
Animal Cloning
- Techniques: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)
- Process:
- Collecting a mammary cell from a donor animal.
- Removing the nucleus from an egg cell.
- Inserting the donor mammary cell nucleus into the egg cell.
- Electrically fusing the egg and the mammary cell together.
- Growing the embryo in culture and implanting it into the uterus of a surrogate mother.
- Growing the embryo.
Plant Tissue Culture
- Definition: Culture of plant tissues in a controlled environment to produce new plants.
- Application: Creating clones of plants.
Animal Cell Culture
- Definition: Growing animal cells in a lab environment.
- Application: Studying cells, potentially creating stem cells.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of biotechnology, focusing on genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology. Explore techniques for altering genetic material and the processes involved in creating recombinant DNA. Test your knowledge on the roles and applications of these innovative biotechnological methods.
