Lecture 3.pdf

PLANT AND LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL ENGINEERING ENGR. AZEREEL C. SUOR 1ST SEMESTER 2024-2025 Animal Weather Relationships Animal response to stress Influence of weather Zone of environmental temperature Temperature-Humidity Index...

PLANT AND LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL ENGINEERING ENGR. AZEREEL C. SUOR 1ST SEMESTER 2024-2025 Animal Weather Relationships Animal response to stress Influence of weather Zone of environmental temperature Temperature-Humidity Index ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Animal Thermal Environment Refers to the specific temperature conditions and other thermal factors that affect the well- being, behavior, and survival of animals in their habitats Refers to the effect of air temperature, moisture, air velocity, and solar radiation on the regulation and balance of animal heat, and their influence on production, growth, feed conversion and health ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Animal Homeothermy Refers to the ability of certain animals to maintain a relatively constant internal body temperature regardless of external environmental conditions. This process is a key aspect of thermoregulation and is primarily observed in mammals and birds Maintenance of essentially a constant body temperature by the animal while subjected to a wide range of environmental conditions ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Animal Homeothermy MAMMALS NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE, oC Dogs 38.3 oC – 39.2oC Cats 38.3 oC – 39.2oC Cows 38.6 oC – 39.2oC Pigs 38.7 oC – 39.8oC Horses 37.2oC – 38.6oC Sheep 38.3 oC – 39.2oC BIRDS Chickens 40.5 oC – 41.7oC Pigeons 40 oC – 41.1oC ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System Hypothalamus Gland - The thermostat of the body - Regulates body temperature, food intake, drinking, hormonal regulation, sleep-wake cycle and emotional responses - Controls neural and hormonal responses of animals that alter heat production and heat loss ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System Homeothermy - also known as homeostasis - Is the process that allows animals to keep their body core temperature approximately constant with external variations, allowing their cellular activity to remain normal - It is only efficient if the temperature of the environment is maintained within the thermoneutrality or thermal comfort zone (ZCT) for the species in question, ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System Simplified scheme for the representation of critical environmental effective temperatures. Source: Bianca (1968) – cited by Baeta & Souza (2010) ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System Homeothermy - Zone of thermal comfort (A-A’) - The animal body is perfectly adjusted and feels neither hot nor cold - Blood vessels in the skin are neither dilated nor constricted (vasodilation, vasoconstriction) - Moisture evaporation from skin and respiratory tract is minimal - Hair and feathers are not erected (minimum piloerection) - Behavioral response to heat or cold is not observed 1ST ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System Homeothermy - Zone of thermoneutrality (B-B’) - From Lower Critical Temperature (LCT) to Upper Critical Temperature (UCT) of animals - The animals can maintain their homeothermic state automatically with physical compensations and without any increase in heat production ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System Homeothermy - A-B Cold Stress causes vasoconstriction and piloerection to conserve metabolic heat - A’-B’ Heat stress causes vasodilation, sweating, increased respiration, appetite depression production ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System Homeothermy - B-C Heat production rises to maintain homeothermy. Increased feed intake sustains an increased metabolic rate - C-D Homeothermy fails. Extra heat produced cannot balance heat lost. Core temperature and heat production decline (hypothermic) ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System Homeothermy - B’-C’ Evaporative mechanisms increase in intensity. Heat production may decrease partly due to a decrease in feed intake. - C’-D’ Homeothermy fails. Environmental temperature approaches skin temperature. Vapor loss from the skin can no longer increase. Core temperature and heat production rise. ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System Homeothermy ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System Homeothermy Romanovsky, A. A. (2018). The thermoregulation system and how it works. Thermoregulation: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology Part I, 3– 43. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-63912-7.00001-1 ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System THERMAL STRESS AND FEED INTAKE Below zone of thermal Above zone of thermal neutrality neutrality Increase feed intake is Appetite depression needed to maintain core maintain core temperature temperature No increase in Reduces feed intake productivity needed for maximum productivity (egg, milk, and fiber) ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025  ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System THERMAL STRESS AND FEED INTAKE Below zone of thermal Above zone of thermal neutrality neutrality Increase feed intake is Appetite depression needed to maintain core maintain core temperature temperature No increase in Reduces feed intake productivity needed for maximum productivity (egg, milk, and fiber) ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System STRESS - natural response of the body to perceived threats or challenges, and it can affect both humans and animals - Physiological and psychological response to external pressures, often referred to as stressors - Magnitude of forces external of the body which tend to displace its system from resting or ground state - Reduces the performance of animals ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Homeothermic System STRESS Environmental Physiological Nutritional Stres Managemental Stress Stress Stress Toxic metal Heat stress Acidosis Handling & pollutants Advance Bloat transportation Chemical pregnancy Hypocalcaemia Seasonal fertilizers Dehydration Ketosis Change Pesticide Cold stress Hypomagnesae contamination mia Mycotoxin/Plant toxins ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Heat Stress ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Heat Stress ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Heat Stress ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025  Behavioral Changes Reproductive Stress Effects of Stress on Animals Physical Health Issues Cognitive Function Physiological Changes ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Thermal Management - Early Detection - Symptoms - Environment monitoring - Environmental Control - Building design - Ventilation - Cooling - Feeding and Nutrient Strategy - Night-time feeding - Feed ration manipulation ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Environmental Parameters to Assessing Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle Herbut, P., Angrecka, S. & Walczak, J. Environmental parameters to assessing of heat stress in dairy cattle—a review. Int J Biometeorol 62, 2089–2097 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1629-9 ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) - Developed for the US Weather Bureau (Thom, 1959) - THI computes temperatures with what it feels like at 100% humidity - So that THIS is lower than the actual temperature ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) THI is used for Level THI assessing SAFE 70 – 74 human comfort: ALERT 75 – 78 DANGER 79 – 83 EMERGENCY 84 and above ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) THI is used for Level THI assessing SAFE 64 – 82 thermoregulator ALERT 73 – 77 y status of DANGER 78 – 82 animals: EMERGENCY 83 and up ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) THI is used as a predictor of production efficiency ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) THI is used as a predictor of production efficiency ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Black Globe Humidity Index (BGHI) - It is a measure used to assess heat stress, particularly in livestock and agricultural settings. - It combines the effects of temperature, humidity and radiant heat to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental conditions - Takes into account the effects of the dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, radiation and air velocity (Buffington, 1981) ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Black Globe Humidity Index (BGHI) Herbut, P., Angrecka, S. & Walczak, J. Environmental parameters to assessing of heat stress in dairy cattle—a review. Int J Biometeorol 62, 2089–2097 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-018-1629-9 ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Heat Stress Monitoring Devices Thermal Imaging Camera Rumen Boluses ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Heat Stress Monitoring Devices Implantable Thermo-Sensor Tympanic Sensors ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Heat Stress Monitoring Devices Neck-Mounted Activity Collars ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 Heat Stress Monitoring Devices Heat Stress Monitoring Device ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1ST SEMSTER AY 2024-2025 The End. ENGR. AZEREEL SUOR 1STSEMSTER AY 2024-2025