Lecture 2 PDF

Lecture 2 Tuesday, January 21, 2025 4:50 PM - Announcements: In two weeks, Unit test #1 ( Q's for reflection and review to focus attention - Focus: Government and local / municipal government. Institutional approach and how munic and participation works, including in big urban places -...

Lecture 2 Tuesday, January 21, 2025 4:50 PM - Announcements: In two weeks, Unit test #1 ( Q's for reflection and review to focus attention - Focus: Government and local / municipal government. Institutional approach and how munic and participation works, including in big urban places - WEEK 2- INSTITUTIONS The municipality as a coorporation: - Local governments historically were considered dangerous, due to the American revolutio administrators were appointed by Crown to govern the colonies. These Colonies in North revolutionize to gain independence. One of the causes of American revolution was due to they were considered a relief valve without colonial admin involvement. - Late 1700's, no incorporation, more useful for faction (division). By 1830s things change, politics in the USA, allowing more liberty (Small-L ) ( loyal British subjects can be trusted t decisions to uphold the grand British state. - "Durham, must provide local governance to Montreal and Quebec"). - As a result, in 1840s/1850s, the receive permission to incorporate as local governments Legacies of the Historical Development The city as a "corporation" - A corporation is a "person" in law: - Perpetual succession - Capacity to sue and be sued - Ability to possess land - Common seal and name ( allowed to have a seal to affix documents for your corporatio - Power to issue rules and regulations binding on members ( in this sense, the corporatio bylaws passed by UofC binding on students)  on studying) 30 MC cipal, democracy on, these colonial h America rise and o local government, introduction of to make some on) on City of Calgary can pass bylaws, same as - Capacity to sue and be sued - Ability to possess land - Common seal and name ( allowed to have a seal to affix documents for your corporatio - Power to issue rules and regulations binding on members ( in this sense, the corporatio bylaws passed by UofC binding on students) - Second Legacy: - Municipal governments exist as a "corporation" in law ( does not have any weighting) - As of 1867, municipalities are the constitutional responsibility of the provinces - Two approaches: The Baldwin Act model and the Vancouver model - Post 1867, municipal corporations only exist by virtue of Provincial law, when provincia wards in a city, they can. - Baldwin --> 1848 in Ontario, passed a law in which defined how municipalities will work one law - Vancouver Model --> Almost all province governed by Baldwin, however, Vancouver, ha in a separate law from BC. Special statue or more Baldwin act style? Municipal "Autonomy" and "Creatures of the Province" Municipal Autonomy is the municipal government ability to act independently under their statues ( within framework, when Ford changed number of wards, Toronto wanted autono on its own basis) Fiscal Autonomy: Flexibility of cities to decide how they get their money ( Property taxes) Policy Autonomy: Policy areas in which municipalities can make law ( narrow or wide, regu height, animals roaming, now it is more wide ranging) Democratic Institutions autonomy ( subset): The extent to which the municipality can cont democratic institutions. ( the meta autonomy to govern the institutions themselves, such a councillors versus 20 councillors) Municipal Fiscal Autonomy: Property taxes, taxes on sale (hotels, billboards), taxes on billboards. Canadian municipaliti heavily on property taxes than is typical in other states. Municipal Leaders want ( ranked in order) 1. Policy 2.Fiscal 3. Governance on) on City of Calgary can pass bylaws, same as al government decides to reduce from 47 to 25 k in the province ( functions, elections) all in as its own specialty functions which are defined governing omy to change ulate fence trol its own as 50 ies rely more heavily on property taxes than is typical in other states. Municipal Leaders want ( ranked in order) 1. Policy 2.Fiscal 3. Governance - Dimensions of Local Authority: Variation across provinces ( because provinces have jurisdiction) Variation within provinces ( municipal types, special city charters) Concentration of authority: dispersed or concentrated within few people Geographic Authority: community councils, ward versus at large elections Legislative authority: Political parties Executive authority: The power of the mayor, how much power relative to the councillors. H bureaucracy. Does not sit on council. Weak mayor Does not control bureaucracy or the council, if the mayor loses an important v Powers of weak mayor in a "weak" system 1. Act as spokesperson for the municipality ( informal) 2. Act as informal agenda-setter for municipal council ( some formal agenda control rare 3. Sit on committees, boards, agencies, etc. ( view of what is happening in municipality 4. In BC: extra power to reconsider council decisions, appoint committees In Canada, we do not have strong mayors in Canada, because they sit as member of c If council says no to mayor, nothing happens ( no confidence at municipal level) Strong Mayor: Advance provincial priorities-- focus on building new housing and infra Council-administration relationship, power to appoint CAO ( chief administrator offic (limits), power to hire and fire chairs of ABCs ( city solicitor, clerk etc..) , power to reo police structure bind together can allow Mayor in his hands) Mayor council relations: Power to create and appoint council committees, power to v they have priority) passed by council provided that it has to do with the budget or a p ( who sits on what council) Minister can add widening roads as priority, then mayor w legislative approval) Service Delivery: some services are delivered "in house" by a department of the city itself. commissions, or corporation (ABCs) Examples: police council for budget on department ( two councillors and ten members of the commun Library boards - in Calgary, there are eight public members and no more than two councillo Enmax board- Board of Directors appointed by City of Calgary ( sole shareholder is the city o Motivations: (a) " Non-political" (b) advisory/ inclusion ( incorporating more diverse voices) run all water on its own, it created a water commission and hired experts to run it) (d) mul fragmentation of authority( policy level of all, Toronto waterfront governed by multi level a - Councillors because they are responsible to their constituents, non political bodies to - Ward boundary conditions ( you do not want councillors determining the boundaries Has the authority to appoint municipal vote on council… they lose the vote. ely) Opportunity for mayor to define conversation such as water board, police board etc..) council. astructure) --> only on these areas. ce), power to hire and fire municipal managers organize city's administrative structure ( fire and veto bylaws( only for housing for instance that provincial priority, initiate the budget process. would have control over it, does not need Other are outsourced to special agents, boards, nity) ( three appointed by province) ors with 5-10 members total of Calgary, some profits handed to the city) ) © capacity - building ( council does not want to lti-level governance. Consequences for agency, local, provincial and federal agency). o make decisions) s of their districts) thus separate from council  Enmax board- Board of Directors appointed by City of Calgary ( sole shareholder is the city o Motivations: (a) " Non-political" (b) advisory/ inclusion ( incorporating more diverse voices) run all water on its own, it created a water commission and hired experts to run it) (d) mul fragmentation of authority( policy level of all, Toronto waterfront governed by multi level a - Councillors because they are responsible to their constituents, non political bodies to - Ward boundary conditions ( you do not want councillors determining the boundaries independent decisions. If you create a lot of them you cannot do anything, if BLM com funding, they need authority to allocate funding) agencies of all departments makes i ability to move quickly. Casual Inference: A Crash Course: - In politics it is descriptive in nature - Examples: - How many incumbents win re-election in municipal elections? - Is inequality shrinking or growing in Canada? - Much of what we care about is the effects: - Effect of electing more women in policy outcomes - Effect of negative campaigning in vote share - Effect of place-based social identity in voting behaviour Three core Pieces 1. The counter factual: what would the outcome have been in an alternative universe? first world war happen if France Ferdman was not assassin?" What is the effect of a university on earnings? Can never know the actual effect, you can not see the altern if you did not. But we can use randomization to creating "ceteris paribus" conditions aggregate. For this reason, the gold standard for causal inference in social science is experiment or randomized controlled trial. Example: Hypothetical research question: what is the effect of door-knocking on a candida share in municipal election? Step 1: Counterfactual logic: For a non knocker For a knocker Run experiment ( measure vote share of both groups, difference between averages is the e knocking on door vote share). Average treatment effect "When you want to think of a causal inference, what is the experiment I would run to answ  of Calgary, some profits handed to the city) ) © capacity - building ( council does not want to lti-level governance. Consequences for agency, local, provincial and federal agency). o make decisions) s of their districts) thus separate from council mes along and they want a shift of relocate it difficult for council to act) You gain but you lose ? " would the attending native universe s in the the ate's vote effect of wer this  For a knocker Run experiment ( measure vote share of both groups, difference between averages is the e knocking on door vote share). Average treatment effect "When you want to think of a causal inference, what is the experiment I would run to answ question" Outcome variable ( the thing we are measuring ( responsiveness)) Treatment variable ( the cause we are manipulating( whether 311 was alerted of the proble The experimental logic Counterfactual: would this problem have been addressed if 311 has been called Randomization: randomly assign some problems to be identified to 311 and some problems alerted Variables: Outcome variable: whether problem addressed Treatment variable: whether problem was identified using the 311 service "interaction" variable ( variations of socioeconomic neighborhoods) effect of wer this em or not)) s not to be