Lecture 2 Ppt (T&N) PDF

COMD 3315 Textbook: Applied Anatomy & Physiology for Speech– Language Pathology and Audiology  Greek: Endothelial tissue Endo-: inside, within It almost exclusively lines the inner walls of the...

COMD 3315 Textbook: Applied Anatomy & Physiology for Speech– Language Pathology and Audiology  Greek: Endothelial tissue Endo-: inside, within It almost exclusively lines the inner walls of the blood and lymph vessels and is not continuous with the epidermis. It is composed of simple squamous cells. Mesothelial tissue Greek: Meso-: middle, intermediate Mesothelial tissue lines the peritoneal (abdominal), pleural (lung), and pericardial (heart) cavities. It is a serous membrane consisting of loose connective (areolar) tissue. The free surface is covered by simple squamous cells. On(Epi-), inside (Endo-) and within (Meso-), Epithelial Tissue: The tissue that lies upon surfaces Endothelial tissue: The tissue lining the inside of blood vessels Mesothelial tissue: The tissue lining the middle layer of certain cavities Connective tissue Tissue that connects or binds structures, supports the body, or aid in body maintenance, consists of relatives few cells with a large amount of intercellular substance. Noncellular substances are called the matrix. Connective tissue is subdivided according to the intercellular composition (1) Loose: functions to bind body parts together Areolar tissue: very loose, cells lie in an irregular network, found just beneath the skin and elsewhere throughout the body Adipose tissue: high concentration of fat cells, just beneath the skins in the subcutaneous fascia, large and have an oval or spherical shape. goes ( deeper Areolar tissue Adipose tissue in subcutaneous fascia Connective tissue is subdivided according to the intercellular composition (2) Dense: Abundance of closely packed fibers, mostly collagenous (gelatin) in nature. Also consists of elastic and reticular fibers, tissue can either be white fibers or yellow fibers (a) Tendons: tough nonelastic cords or parallel fibers, always associated with a muscle. ↳ connect muscle (b) Aponeuroses: very broad sheets of white, flattened tendon; anterior and lateral abdominal walls. ↳ inhalation 3 exhalation (c) Ligaments: Tightly packed parallel fibers with an abundance of elastic fibers; Joins bone to bone, bone to cartilage, and cartilage to cartilage. ↳ helps bones connect to each other Connective tissue is subdivided according to the intercellular composition (3) (d) fascia: irregular arranged fibers not classified as (a)-(c); usually associated with muscles in that they are responsible for the organization of muscles, into functions mechanical mediators of movement 4 allows your neck to more freely (e) Reticular tissue: A matrix of cells with processes that extend in all directions to join the processes of neighboring cells; it forms the supporting framework of the parenchyma of organs. Special connective tissue: cartilage They add structure and support the body: Cartilage: consists of its own cells (chondrocytes) and intercellular tissue. The chondrocytes are found within irregular spaces called lacunae, which are embedded in a ground substance. Cartilage is capable of growth and becomes Loading… developmentally related to bone. Three types of cartilage (1) Hyaline cartilage is a bluish-white, translucent substance that covers the articular surfaces of joints and provides the framework for the lower respiratory tract. With age, all non-articular surfaces of hyaline cartilage are covered by a membrane called the perichondrium. Three types of cartilage more flexible Hyaline cartilage than (2) Elastic cartilage: Somewhat yellow and opaque, with a very fibrous and almost rubbery consistency. Found in the ear, external auditory meatus, epiglottis, some cartilages of the larynx, and the Eustachian tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-4MZ_-Mpv8 Three types of cartilage (3) Fibro cartilage: Dense network of collagenous fibers and cartilage cells; usually found in the intervertebral discs. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nV4ILsaVSXc Special connective tissue: bone Bone: Rigid matrix of intercellular tissue; Composed of cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes), collagenous fibers and ground substance. helps repair from damage Rigidity is due to large amounts of inorganic salts 85% calcium phosphate and 10% calcium carbonate with traces of calcium fluoride and magnesium fluoride. Classification of bones(1) Dense/compact: white without any noticeable structure; forms the outer surface of bone; called the cortex Classification of bones(2) Spongy/cancellous: appears porous and consists of trabeculae that mesh to form a very complicated network. This network depends on the mechanical demands placed on that particular bone. Usually inside the dense bone. Bone Bone is lamellar in nature, formed by several layers called lamellae. Compact bone consists of longitudinal canals called Haversian canals. Blood vessels and nerves pass through these canals. Canaliculi extend between adjacent lacunae. The lacunae can be found between the lamellae. Lamellar, lamellae: From Latin lāmella (“small, thin plate of metal”), from lāmina (“thin plate”) Bone and marrows The spaces in the meshwork of the spongy bone are filled with bone marrows-either red (produce red blood cells) or yellow (adipose tissue) Production of blood cells Bone formation and repair Except for their articular surfaces, bones are covered by a membrane called the periosteum. The deeper layer of the periosteum contains osteoblasts, which serve to form new bone or repair old bone that has been damaged. The superficial layer of the periosteum is rich in capillaries. Other Classification of bones Long: most bones Short: wrist and ankle Flat: skull Irregular: hip and ‘vertebrae Accessory: between sutures in skull, and the patella (patellar reflex) Air-containing: nasal sinuses Skeleton The skeleton is divided into two groups of bones: Axial: spinal column, skull, hyoid bone, rib cage Appendicular: bones of the pectoral (upper limbs) and pelvic (lower limbs) girdles.  mandibular condyle Describe a Bone (related terminologies) Condyle: knucklelike process Crest: prominent ridge Head: an enlargement at the end of a bone, beyond its neck Neck: constriction Process: a general term for any bony prominence or projection Spine: a sharp, slender projection Trochanter: a very large bony projection, usually only on femur Tubercle: a small round projection Tuberosity: large rounded projection Fissure: cleft or deep groove Sulcus: groove or a furrow (Fissure= large, sulcus=small) Foramen: opening or performation Fossa: a pit or hollow Fovea: small pit-like depression Groove: a furrow Meatus: tube or passageway Sinus: cavity within a bone Also see book p. 116 description of a rib