Lecture 2 Health 112.pdf

Stress and Health Lecture 2 Associate Professor Damian Scarf With assistance from Professor Tamlin Conner  Lecture 2 Outline 1. What is stress? 2. How do people deal with stress? 3. What impact does stress have on our health? What is Stress? As a stimulus...

Stress and Health Lecture 2 Associate Professor Damian Scarf With assistance from Professor Tamlin Conner  Lecture 2 Outline 1. What is stress? 2. How do people deal with stress? 3. What impact does stress have on our health? What is Stress? As a stimulus As a response Person–situation interaction  As a Stimulus ‘I’ve got a lot of stress in my life right now. I have three exams next week, I lost my class notes, my fiancé just announced a vow of eternal celibacy and my car broke down.’ Jackie  As a Response ‘‘I’m feeling all stressed out. I’m tensed up, I’m having trouble concentrating, I can’t sleep and I’ve been irritable all week’.’ Ted Person-Situation Interaction “From my perspective, stress can be defined as a pattern of cognitive appraisals, physiological responses and behavioural tendencies that occurs in response to a perceived imbalance between situational demands and the resources needed to cope with them” Jed  Person-Situation Interaction Situational Component Internal Processes Intensity Duration Situation Predictability demands/ Cognitive Physiological Coping Strategies resources Appraisal Responses Controllability (stressor) Chronicity Worry Muscle tension Problem Focused Racing Thoughts ↑ heart rate Avoidant Focused Negative Effects Low Confidence Shortness of breath Emotion Focused Expect the Worst ↑ susceptibility to Social Support Feeling Hopeless illness Figure 14.10 (page 567)  Person-Situation Interaction Situational Component Internal Processes Intensity Duration Situation Predictability demands/ Cognitive Physiological Coping Strategies resources Appraisal Responses Controllability (stressor) Chronicity Worry Muscle tension Problem Focused Racing Thoughts ↑ heart rate Avoidant Focused Negative Effects Low Confidence Shortness of breath Emotion Focused Expect the Worst ↑ susceptibility to Social Support Feeling Hopeless illness Figure 14.10 (page 567) Situational Component Qs Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale 22. Major change in responsibilities at work 1. Death of spouse (100 points) 23. Son or daughter leaving home 2. Divorce 24. In-law troubles 3. Marital Separation from mate 25. Outstanding personal achievement 4. Detention in jail or other institution 26. Spouse beginning or ceasing work outside the home 5. Death of a close family member 27. Beginning or ceasing formal schooling 6. Major personal injury or illness 28. Major change in living condition 7. Marriage 29. Revision of personal habits 8. Being fired at work 30. Troubles with the boss 9. Marital reconciliation with mate 31. Major changes in working hours or conditions 10. Retirement from work 32. Changes in residence 11. Major change in the health or behavior of a family member 33. Changing to a new school 12. Pregnancy 34. Major change in usual type and/or amount of recreation 13. Sexual Difficulties 35. Major change in church activity 14. Gaining a new family member 36. Major change in social activities 15. Major business adjustment 37. Taking on a loan 16. Major change in financial state 38. Major change in sleeping habits 17. Death of a close friend 39. Major change in number of family get-togethers 18. Changing to a different line of work 40. Major change in eating habits 19. Major change in number of arguments with spouse 41. Vacation 20. Taking on a mortgage 42. Major holidays 21. Foreclosure on a mortgage or loan 43. Minor violations of the law (11 points)  Person-Situation Interaction Situational Component Internal Processes Intensity Duration Situation Predictability demands/ Cognitive Physiological Coping Strategies resources Appraisal Responses Controllability (stressor) Chronicity Worry Muscle tension Problem Focused Racing Thoughts ↑ heart rate Avoidant Focused Negative Effects Low Confidence Shortness of breath Emotion Focused Expect the Worst ↑ susceptibility to Social Support Feeling Hopeless illness Figure 14.10 (page 567)  Cognitive Appraisal Appraisal of the nature and demands of the situation. Appraisal of the resources available to cope with it. Appraisal of the consequences of the situation. Appraisal of the personal meaning.  Person-Situation Interaction Situational Component Internal Processes Intensity Duration Situation Predictability demands/ Cognitive Physiological Coping Strategies resources Appraisal Responses Controllability (stressor) Chronicity Worry Muscle tension Problem Focused Racing Thoughts ↑ heart rate Avoidant Focused Negative Effects Low Confidence Shortness of breath Emotion Focused Expect the Worst ↑ susceptibility to Social Support Feeling Hopeless illness Figure 14.10 (page 567) Physiological Responses SAM HPA Sympathetic Adreno- Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Medullary System Adrenocortical System) Sympathetic Neurons Anterior Pituitary ▼ ▼ Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex ▼ ▼ Norepinephrine/Epinephrine Cortisol  SAM Adrenal Norepinephrine Medulla Sympathetic Neurons Epinephrine  HPA Adrenal Cortex Cortisol Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland  Person-Situation Interaction Situational Component Internal Processes Intensity Duration Situation Predictability demands/ Cognitive Physiological Coping Strategies resources Appraisal Responses Controllability (stressor) Chronicity Worry Muscle tension Racing Thoughts ↑ heart rate Negative Effects Low Confidence Shortness of breath Expect the Worst ↑ susceptibility to Feeling Hopeless illness Figure 14.10 (page 567) Coping Strategies Problem Focused Avoidance/Disengagement Emotion Focused Social Support  Problem Focused Problem Solving: Finding methods that might deter the impact or presence of a stressor. Cognitive Restructuring (positive reframing): Reassessing or placing a new spin on a situation. Finding meaning (benefit finding): Finding some benefit or making sense of a traumatic experience.  Problem Focused Qs sought out information that would help you resolve your problems? made plans to overcome your problems? asserted yourself and taken positive action on problems that are getting you down? taken steps to overcome your problems?  Avoidance Active Distraction Cognitive Distraction Denial/Emotional Containment Humor Drug Use  Avoidance Qs tried to distract yourself from your troubles? told jokes about your situation? kept your feelings bottled up inside? gone out? Emotion Focused Emotional Expression Other-blame Self-blame Rumination Wishful Thinking Passive Resignation  Emotion Focused Qs found yourself crying more than usual? thought about how your problems have been caused by other people? gone over your problem in your mind over and over again? wished the situation would go away or be over with? Social Support Appraisal Support Belonging Support Tangible Support  Social Support Qs talked with friends or relatives about your problems? talked with friends or relatives about your problems? asked others for help? sought reassurance and moral support from others?  Coping Strategies Jackie Ted Therapeutic Approaches Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) Pharmacotherapy (e.g., SSRIs) Impact on Health Psychological Well-being Physical Illness Immune System Psychological Well-being Psychological Well-being Population: 376 U.S. Soldiers Source of Stress: Combat Trauma Outcome: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Physical Illness  Physical Illness Population: 6,935 men aged 47 to 55 Source of Stress: Conditions at Work or Home Outcome: Coronary Artery Disease Immune System  Immune System Population: 5,618 children Source of Stress: Life Events Outcome: Respiratory Infection Episodes  Lecture 2 Outline 1. What is stress? 2. How do people deal with stress? 3. What impact does stress have on our health?