Introduction To Biotechnology Lecture Notes PDF

Introduction to Biotechnology Heba Radwan, PhD Hussein Sabit, PhD Lec. 1  Lecture Objectives Identify the different approaches of biotechnology. Describe the main contributors to Biotechnology. YOU AS A BIOTECHNOLOGIST What's meant by Biotech...

Introduction to Biotechnology Heba Radwan, PhD Hussein Sabit, PhD Lec. 1  Lecture Objectives Identify the different approaches of biotechnology. Describe the main contributors to Biotechnology. YOU AS A BIOTECHNOLOGIST What's meant by Biotechnology?  What is Biotechnology? §Let’s break it down: §Bio - alive or living §Technology -- techne means skill-- the application of science to achieve industrial or commercial benefits. §So basically, we’re talking about using living materials for commercial or industrial purposes.  Biotechnology is … The manipulation of living organisms and organic material to develop or make useful products to serve human needs. The term itself is coined in 1919 by the Hungarian agriculture engineer “Károly Ereky”  What is meant by the Hierarchy of Life? § Cells: simplest living unit § Tissues: various type of cells § Organs: various tissues § Systems: multiple organs § Organism: collection of systems § Population: members of a species reproducing together § Community: multiple species living in a given area § Ecosystem: all biotic & non-biotic components of an area Ancient vs. Modern Biotechnology Examples of ancient biotechnology Beer making, wine making, bread making cheese making, and improved species of crops and animals by cross pollination or cross breeding Examples of modern biotechnology Isolation of the antibiotic penicillin from the mold Penicillium (Alexander Fleming ,1928) Genetic engineering: Insertion a piece of toad DNA into the bacterium, E. coli (Herb Boyer and Stanley Cohen, 1973). Insulin, erythropoietin (blood production factor), interferon alpha. Genome editing (2013) 3D Bioprinting of human organs (2022)  Biotech glance in figures The global biotechnology market size was estimated at USD 1.37 trillion in 2022. FDA has approved 900 biotech products and over 2,200 products are in development. Some facts.. We have many problems.. q Resource depletion q Environment pollution q Health hazards Biotechnology can provide solutions for all the challenges ahead  World population increase 6,143,493,823 7,820,705,136 In 2000 In 2020 9,735,033,990 8,184,437,460 In 2050 In 2025 World population increase  Colors.. of Biotechnology  Major Sub-disciplines of Modern Colors of Biotechnology Biotechnology The science of biotechnology can be broken down into sub- disciplines called: Red, white, green, and blue  Sub-disciplines of Modern Biotechnology Red biotechnology WINTER Template involves medical processes such as getting organisms to produce new drugs or using stem cells to regenerate damaged human tissues and perhaps re-grow entire organs. White biotechnology involves industrial processes such as the production of new chemicals or the development of new fuels for vehicles.  Sub-disciplines of Modern Biotechnology Green biotechnology Applies to agriculture and involves such processes as the development of pest-resistant grains or the accelerated evolution of disease- resistant animals. Blue biotechnology Rarely mentioned, encompasses processes in marine and aquatic environments, such as controlling the proliferation of water-borne organisms. 19  How does biotechnology impact your life? Medical biotechnology o Forensics. o Genetic testing: identify known genetic diseases. o Pedigree analysis: paternity disputes. o Drug discovery and drug resistance.  How does biotechnology impact your life? Industrial biotechnology o Production of key industrial chemicals: ex: Acetone, butanol, acetic acid, plastics etc. o Modification of household products: such as enzymes used in detergents. o Bioremediation: cleanup of toxic wastes like TCE(trichloroethylene), oil, and coal waste. o Production of human pharmaceuticals: Herceptin, vitravene..etc.  How does biotechnology impact your life? Agricultural biotechnology o Production of genetically modified foods: Flavr savr tomato was modified for delaying the softening process. It is the first genetically modified food to be sold commercially. o Generation of herbicide-tolerant plants by genetic engineering: resistance to the herbicide Roundup (ex: soya). o Phytoremediation: use of plants to remove toxic metals (cadmium, zinc, lead, etc.) from the soil.  How does biotechnology impact your life? Marine Biotechnology A number of clinically useful drugs, investigational drug candidates, and pharmacological tools have already resulted from marine-product discovery programs, it includes: o Yondelis: from colonial tunicate to treat Ovarian cancer o Prialt: a synthetic analog for a marine compound for treating the sever pain associated with AIDS (it is 1000-times strong than morphine).  Some benefits of Biotechnology o Biotechnology so far used in medicine, biological & biomedical research and in recent years in agriculture and in food processing, in the environment field, regeneration of raw materials, and cosmetics. o Modern biotechnology has the greatest impact on the development and production of new medicines and new diagnostics, vaccines and other biomaterials.  = Cont. o Interferon for the treatment of certain types of cancer and for reliable AIDS tests. o Identify hereditary illnesses (cystic fibrosis), genetic predispositions to diseases i.e., colon cancer, development of artificial organs ,use of organs from genetically modified animals for transplants (xenotransplants). The main contributors to Biotechnology  Leeuwenhoek § Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (1632 –1723) was a Dutch scientist that is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology”. § He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions to the establishment of Microbiology. § He discovered cells: § Bacteria § Protists § Red blood cells  Gregor Johan Mendel Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) was an Austrian monk who is considered the founder of the modern science of Genetics. Though farmers had known for centuries that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable traits, Mendel's pea plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of heredity, now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.  Walter Sutton (1877–1916) Walter Sutton was an American Geneticist whose most significant contribution to present-day biology was his theory that the Mendelian laws of inheritance could be applied to chromosomes at the cellular level of living organisms. This is now known as the Boveri- Sutton chromosome theory.  Thomas Morgan Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) was an American Evolutionary Biologist, Geneticist, Embryologist, and science author who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933 for discoveries elucidating the role that the chromosome plays in heredity. He discovered how genes are transmitted through chromosomes.  Sir Alexander Fleming Sir Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) was a Scottish Biologist, Pharmacologist and Botanist. His best- known discoveries are the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the isolation of antibiotic Penicillin from the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928. For that work, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain.  Ernst Ruska Ernst August Friedrich Ruska (1906-1988) was a German Physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for his work in electron optics, including the design of the first electron microscope.  Rosalind Elsie Franklin Rosalind Elsie Franklin (1920 –1958) was an English chemist who made contributions to the understanding of the fine molecular structures of DNA and RNA. Rosalind Franklin research led to the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.  James Watson and Francis Crick In 1953 James Watson (b. 1928), Francis Crick (1916–2004), and Maurice Wilkins (1916–2004) jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their determination of the structure of DNA. Wilkins’s colleague Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958), who died of cancer at the age of 37, was not so honored because the Nobel Prize can only be shared by three scientists. Sir Ian Wilmut Ian Wilmut (1944-2023) is a British embryologist, at the Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, the University of Edinburgh. He is best known as the leader of the research group that in 1996 first cloned a mammal from an adult somatic cell, a Finnish lamb named Dolly. Later, we will discuss how Dolly was born.  Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier Jennifer Doudna (b. 1964) and Emmanuelle Charpentier (b. 1968) discovered the most powerful DNA editing technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 (2013). This technology enables us to correct, disrupt, or replace genes in living cells. The fear of the Unknown  Lecture fruit! Do not go where the path may lead, go instead where there is no path and leave a trail. Ralph Waldo Emerson