Basic Biochemistry Lecture 1 PDF

24/5/2023 BASIC OF BIOCHEMISTRY NGUYEN Phuong Nga Hanoi, 2023 1 2 1  24/5/2023...

24/5/2023 BASIC OF BIOCHEMISTRY NGUYEN Phuong Nga Hanoi, 2023 1 2 1  24/5/2023 Syllabus Carbohydrates and Glycobiology: Monosaccharides; 2h Disaccharides; Polysaccharides; structure and function of biologically important sugar derivatives. Lipids: Building blocks of lipids; Storage lipids; Structural lipids in 2h membranes; structure, distribution and role of membrane lipids. The digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body. 4h Principles of bioenergetics, metabolism and energy formation, 4h including substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation associated with electron transfer chain. Basic Biochemical Techniques 2h 3 Carbohydrate s (CH2O)n 4 2  24/5/2023 Functions 1. 2. … 5 Objectives Differentiate between monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides regarding structure and function. Understand the concepts of chirality, stereoisomers, enantiomers, epimers and anomers. Recognize whether a sugar is a reducing or a nonreducing sugar. Draw and name the common, simple carbohydrates using structural formulas, Fischer and Haworth projection formulas. Discuss the structural, and biochemical properties of the monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. 6 3  24/5/2023 Nomenclature Simple carbohydrates (such as glucose, lactose, or dextrose) Simple carbohydrates can be classified based on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, as with triose (three carbons), pentose (five carbons), or hexose (six carbons). Simple carbohydrates can be classified based on the functional group found in the molecule, such as a ketose or aldose. Polysaccharides are often organized by the number of sugar molecules in the chain, such as in a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or trisaccharide. 7 Classification Monosaccharides: consist of one sugar containing 3,4,5,6 and 7 carbon atoms Disaccharides: a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides Oligosaccharide: a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically 3-10 monosaccharides) Polysaccharides: polymers made up of many monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds 8 4  24/5/2023 Monosaccharides (mono- = “one”; sacchar- = “sweet”) 9 Monosaccharides colorless crystalline solids freely soluble in water but insoluble in nonpolar solvents sweet taste 10 5  24/5/2023 Fischer projection 11 enantiomers 12 6  24/5/2023 epimers 13 Ribose and deoxyribose 14 7  24/5/2023 15 Glucose Crystalline glucose exists in the cyclic α-D-glucose form in an aqueous solution: a ratio of about 40:60 for α-D glucose:β-D- hemiacetal glucose (open chain conformation 20 monosaccharide residues Homopolysaccharides: Polymers containing a single type of monosaccharide Starch (in plant cells) Glycogen (in animal cells) Cellulose (plant cell wall) Chitin (exoskeleton) Heteropolysaccharides: Polymers containing more than one type of monosaccharide Peptidoglycan (in bacteria) 30 15  24/5/2023 Energy storage Polysaccharide Starch amylose (20%), a linear polysaccharide containing about ~100 glucose units, amylopectin (80%), a branched polysaccharide containing ~100,000 glucose units, 31 Energy storage Polysaccharide Glycogen 32 16  24/5/2023 Structural Polysaccharides Cellulose a homopolymeric molecule consisting of thousands of repeating glucose units connected by β1-4 glycosidic bonds cellulase 33 Structural Polysaccharides Chitin chitin consists of repeating N- acetylglucosamine units (NAG, also abbreviated GlcNAc) linked by a β1-4 glycosidic bond. chitinase 34 17  24/5/2023 Glycoconjugate consists of a small number of carbohydrate units (oligosaccharides) covalently attached to a core protein. - Peptidoglycans - Proteoglycans - Glycoprotein 35 Peptidoglycans N-acetylglucosamine + N-acetylmuramic acid 36 18  24/5/2023 Proteoglycans glycosaminoglycans (GAG) Sulfate free: Hyaluronic acid Sulfate containing Chondrotin sulfate Dermatan sulfate Keratan sulfate Heparan sulfate Heparin 37 Proteoglycans glycosaminoglycans (GAG) 38 19  24/5/2023 Glycoprotein 39 Structure of cell membrane influenza virus recognizes sialic acid residues by hemagglutinin 40 20  24/5/2023 The cause of the COVID-19 pandemic https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22030992 41 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 42 “Cracking the sugar code: Why the ‘glycome’ is the next big thing in health and medicine” https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news 21  24/5/2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022 “SWEET” https://academic.oup.com/glycob/article/33/3/178/7074162 Carolyn Bertozzi, 2022 Nobel laureate in Chemistry. Photo by Christopher Michel. https://www.nature.com/collections/ddgjcjgddi#:~:text=The%202022%20No bel%20Prize%20in,a%20simple%20and%20efficient%20way. 43 22