Biology PDF - Biochemistry

Biochemistry Macromolecule: Large Units ​ Monomer: The building blocks or smaller subunits that make up a macromolecule Prefix “Mono”= One Suffix “Mer”=mer ​ Polymer: many monomer attached together Ex. Polymers can be used to build larger structure necessary for survival...

Biochemistry Macromolecule: Large Units ​ Monomer: The building blocks or smaller subunits that make up a macromolecule Prefix “Mono”= One Suffix “Mer”=mer ​ Polymer: many monomer attached together Ex. Polymers can be used to build larger structure necessary for survival Types of Macromolecules: 1.​ Carbohydrates 2.​ Lipids 3.​ Nucleic Acids 4.​ Proteins Carbohydrates- C, H, and O Monomer: Monosaccharide (simple sugar) Function: quick source of energy and cellular function Types of Carbohydrates: Glucose, Fructose, ribose, they end in -ose mostly 1.​ Disaccharide- Carbohydrates made up of two sugar bonded together 2.​ Polysaccharide- Complex carbohydrates made up of chains of monosaccharide 3.​ Starch- food storage compound found in plant 4.​ Cellulose- makes up the cell wall of plants 5.​ Glycogen- a food storage compound in animals 6.​ Chitin- cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton arthropods Lipids- C, H, and O (less oxygen than in carbohydrates) Monomer- Glycerol and 3 fatty acids Insoluble in water(hydrophobic) Main component of cell membrane: Phospholipids Cell signaling: ex Steroids and Hormones Nucleic Acid- C, H, O, N, and P Monomer: Nucleotide Function: Store and transmit genetic info and codes for the making of protein Types of Nucleic tide: DNA and RNA Protein- C, H, O, N, and sometimes S Monomer: Amino Acids Biochemistry Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds Function- depends on the type of protein 1.​ Enzymes- speed up chemical reaction 2.​ Insulin- made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar 3.​ Hemoglobin- a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood Hemo- Blood Globin- protein Muscle fiber made of proteins. Prokaryote and Eukaryote Prokaryotes: Small, single-celled organisms with a relatively simple structure. Only found in bacteria Eukaryotes: Can be single-celled or multicellular organisms with more complex structures. Found in Animal and Plant cells ​ “The cell is the building block of all living things. Therefore, All organisms are made up of one or more cells. The simplest cells or prokaryotic such as bacteria, are made of one cell and have no nucleus. Animals and plants may have more than one cell, these cells have a nucleus and are called Eukaryote, Multicellular organisms have different cells that have special jobs. A cell is made of many different cell parts, or structures. Each cell structure has a function. A function is the job done by a structure. The structure of animal cells are different from those of plant cells. All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane, whose function is to let things in and out of the cell. Inside the cell is a clear jelly-like liquid called the cytoplasm. Floating in the cell are a number of different structures. All cells also have ribosomes to make proteins. Eukaryotic cells have many other membrane bound organelles in order to survive. For example mitochondria are needed to provide energy for the cell. The nucleus organizes the cell’s activity and contains genetic information. There are two organelles that work to transport proteins around and out of the cell. Endoplasmic Reticulum which connects to the nucleus and the golgi apparatus which look like a stack of pancakes. Plant cells are similar to animal cells, but they have a few different structures that change sunlight into energy. This structure is green and called chloroplast. Like animal cells, plants have a cell membrane but they also have a rigid cell wall called the cell wall. Plants also need to store large amounts of water. In plant cells, a Vacuole is storage for water and other things. One process to maintain its homeostasis. Biochemistry