Lecture 12: Maintaining Water Homeostasis in Ticks PDF

“516 ZOO” Lecture 12 Dr. Osama B Mohammed & Dr. Jawahir ALGhamdi 1  Revision 1. What are the life stages of a tick?.......................................................................... 2. What are the typical symptoms of tick- borne disease?...........

“516 ZOO” Lecture 12 Dr. Osama B Mohammed & Dr. Jawahir ALGhamdi 1  Revision 1. What are the life stages of a tick?.......................................................................... 2. What are the typical symptoms of tick- borne disease?....................................................................... How many legs do larva and adult ticks contain?.........................................................................  Revision 1. What are the life stages of a tick? Egg, larva, nymph, adult 2. What are the typical symptoms of tick-borne disease? fever, headache and muscle aches, sometimes rash 3. How many legs do larva and adult ticks contain? The larva of ticks has six legs, and the adult has eight legs.  Maintaining Water Homeostasis in Ticks. Objectives Maintaining water homeostasis: During feeding (overhydration) Maintaining water homeostasis: During fasting (dehydration) Common terms relevant to medical acarology Control of Acari.  Maintaining Water Homeostasis in Ticks ▪ During their life cycle, ticks face two main problems in maintaining water homeostasis: 1. During feeding, they have to counteract overhydration. 2. During fasting, they must counteract dehydration. 5 Maintaining water homeostasis: During feeding (overhydration) 6 ▪ The feeding tick must eliminate within a relatively short time a glut of water and ions taken in with the blood meal. Example 1: In ixodid ticks, the salivary glands play a significant role in returning this excess of water and certain ions to the host while the tick is attached. Salivary Gland from Ixodes scapularis Ticks Example 2: A pair of coxal organs eliminate surplus water and some ions in rapidly feeding argasid ticks. Soft ticks (Order Metastigmata) 7 Maintaining water homeostasis: During fasting (dehydration) 8  Maintaining water homeostasis: During fasting (dehydration) 1. Waxy lipids in the epicuticle of the integument and spiracle closing devices for restricting water loss into the atmosphere from the general body surface. 2- The active absorption of water vapor from the surrounding atmosphere. 9  Common terms relevant to Medical Acarology 10  ▪ Acaricide: Chemical that kills mites and ticks. ▪ Most acaricides are also insecticides. ▪ Seed tick: the very small larva of an ixodid tick before it has blood-fed. 11 ▪ Spirochaetes are Gram-negative bacteria with a spiral shape, such as Borrelia duttonii, which is spread by soft ticks and causes relapsing fever. ▪ Vector: Organism that conveys an autological agent from one host to another. 12 ▪ Hereditary transmission: This involves a female vector passing disease organisms to her eggs and thus to the next generation, i.e., transovarial transmission. ▪ Species sanitation: Control, or eradication, directed against just one vector species in a particular area. 13 Control of Acari 14 ▪ Every farmer is aware of the negative impacts of ticks on livestock, health, productivity and value. ▪ Ticks bite, suck blood (which is their only food), and in the process, spread disease- causing microorganisms, among them viruses, protozoa, spirochete, and rickettsia, which subsequently multiply and result in fatal illnesses. ▪ Main economic losses caused by tick infestation result from reduced production, treatment cost, and skin value. 15  Sex pheromone: ▪ Sex pheromone is a chemical compound produced by a species that attracts members of the opposite sex of the same species. ▪ By incorporating these pheromones and an acaricide into oily droplets, Allan et al. developed a technology that kills ticks that cluster onto the droplets when applied to vegetation. ▪ Formamidines: A group of acaricidal compounds sometimes used to kill Demodex mites. pheromone for the control of ixodid ticks https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?arti 16 cle=1093&context=biology_fac_pubs  Control of Ticks 1. Keep animals in clean surroundings. 2. Burn-infested pasture or grazing lands. 3. Isolation of new stock and ensuring that they are free from infection. 17 TicksBuster-trap, you can reduce the number of active ticks Blood-thirsty ticks smell heat, carbon dioxide, and movement to a passing animal or human. TicksBuster tick trap and tick dragging to prevent tick. By Adding heat and carbon dioxide (Co2) to the trap has increased its attractiveness. Tick traps are safe for the environment, people, and pets because pesticides are not needed. https://www.ticksbuster.fi/ 18  Mite Control 1. The most effective control of mites is to maintain proper sanitation. 2. Quarantine of infected animals is also necessary. 19  SUMMARY ▪ Ticks have different ways of maintaining the internal physiological environment during feeding or fasting. ▪ The salivary glands, coxal organs, and Waxy lipids in the epicuticle of the integument play an essential role in maintaining water homeostasis. ▪ Tick infestation caused economic losses because of reduced production, treatment costs, and the value of animals' skin and hide. ▪ Acari can be controlled by many methods, such as Quarantining infected animals, maintaining proper sanitation, and using Acaricide or Sex pheromone to kill ticks. 20 If you were a member of an environmental group visiting a farm and found tick infestations among the livestock, what would you do to limit the spread of the infestation? 21 5m 22 Thanks... 23