Medical Terminology: Lecture 1 PDF

Medical Terminology: Fourth Edition Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learni...

Medical Terminology: Fourth Edition Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Word Parts and Word Construction Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives 1. Recognize that medical terminology has both constructed and non constructed terms. 2. Identify each of the three word parts (word roots, prefixes, and suffixes) used to construct medical terms. 3. Identify the function of a combining vowel that is added to a word root to form a combining form. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Why medical terminology is important? Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Constructed and Non constructed Terms (1 of 4) Constructed medical terms are made up of multiple word parts. Constructed medical terms: Many medical terms are 'constructed' from a combination of word parts… prefixes, Greek or Roman root words, and suffixes. Determine the meaning of the whole word by the meaning of the suffix, then the prefix, and finally the root word. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms (2 of 4) Examples of constructed terms: – Pathology ▪ (path/o – disease) + (-logy – study of) – Tonsillectomy ▪ (tonsill/o – tonsil) + (-ectomy – surgical excision, removal) – Neonatologist ▪ (neo – new) + (nat/o – birth) + (-logist – one who studies) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Constructed and Nonconstructed Terms (3 of 4) Non constructed terms are not formed from individual word parts. They include eponyms, acronyms, and terms derived from other languages. Non constructed words must be memorized. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Constructed and Non constructed Terms (4 of 4) Examples of non constructed terms: – Impetigo – Coma – Cushing syndrome – Cancer Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.1 Medical terms are either constructed words or words you must memorize, which include terms that are a single Latin or Greek word part, eponyms, acronyms, and so on. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.2 Most medical terms are formed by assembling word parts. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (1 of 9) The three primary types of word parts are: – Prefix – Word root – Suffix combining vowels combining form Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (2 of 9) o NOTES: o Not every medical term has all three word parts. o Some medical terms have more than one word root. o Some medical terms are made simply of a prefix and a suffix. o A fourth word part—the combining vowel—may also be used. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (Example) Bradycardia – brady- = slow – cardi = heart – -ia = condition of Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (Example) Gastritis – gastr = stomach – -itis = inflammation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (Example) Gastroenteritis – gastr = stomach – enter = intestine – -itis = inflammation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (Example) Gastroenterocolitis – gastr = stomach – enter = intestine – col = colon – -itis = inflammation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (combining vowels) Some words require combining vowels. Combining vowels make words pronounceable. O is the most common; I and E are used occasionally. – Gastroenterocolitis Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.3 The human body with many of the common combining forms. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (8 of 9) There are rules for appropriate use of the combining form. – Use the combining form when adding a suffix that begins with a consonant. – Use the combining form to combine two roots. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Word Parts (9 of 9) There is no need to use a combining vowel between a prefix and a word root. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Origin of Medical Terms (1 of 2) Most medical terms come from Latin and Greek. The ancient Greeks are considered the fathers of modern medicine. The Romans advanced medicine with their own experiments and observations and added Latin terms to the growing body of medical language. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.4 The Greek father of medicine, Hippocrates, who originated many medical terms. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Forming Words from Word Parts A prefix usually requires no change when another word part unites with it to form a new term. – brady- means slow – anti- means against – pre- means before Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Word Parts: 1. Prefixes Anti- antibiotic. a substance used to kill microorganisms and cure infections Brady- bradycardia – which roughly means "slow heart" Endo- means "within, inner, " Endoscope Epi- “upon” and over epicardium Neo- new - neonatal Pre- before - premedication Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Word Parts: 2. Word Root / Combining Vowel Append/o, appendic/o Cardi/o Cerebr/o Dermat/o – Dermat/o = skin – -logy = study of ▪ dermatology Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Word Parts: 3. Suffixes -ectomy - tonsillectomy – removal or excision -emia - blood – Anemia -gram – record – electrocardiogram Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Medical Terminology: Complete! Fourth Edition Chapter 3 Understanding Prefixes Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives 3.1 Define and spell the prefixes commonly used in medical terminology. 3.2 Identify prefixes in medical terms. 3.3 Use prefixes to build medical terms. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Getting Started with Prefixes The word root or combining form gives the main meaning of the word. The suffix comes after the root or combining form. The prefix comes before the root or combining form. Not all terms have all of these word parts, and some may have more than one of each part. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Examples for Prefixes hyper- = above normal – Hypernatremia – Hypercalcemia – Hypertension – Hyperglycemia hypo- = below normal – Hyponatremia – Hypocalcemia – Hypotension – Hypoglycemia Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Examples for Prefixes anti- – anti- = against – bi/o = life – -ic = pertaining to ▪ antibiotic con- Contra= against : Contraindication meta- after, beyond: Metastasis Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.2 Endogastric procedure using an endoscope to observe the internal stomach lining. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 3.4 Skin layers. The epidermis is on top of the dermis, and the hypodermis (or subcutaneous layer) is below the dermis. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Examples for Prefixes Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Prefixes That Indicate a Specific Quality about a Term (3 of 3) tachy- – tachy- = rapid – cardi/o = heart – -ia = condition of ▪ tachycardia Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Medical Terminology: Complete! Fourth Edition Chapter 2 Understanding Suffixes Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives 2.1 Define and spell the suffixes often used in medical terminology. 2.2 Identify suffixes in medical terms. 2.3 Use suffixes to build medical terms that pertain to medical specialties, symptoms, and diseases. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Suffixes A suffix is the word part that comes at the end of the term. It appears after the word root or combining form. The suffix tells what is wrong or what is being done. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Suffixes A suffix is attached to the end of a word root. It modifies the meaning of a term. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Suffixes example Gastr/o is the combining form for stomach. – Gastroscopy: Examination of the inside of the stomach using a gastroscope – Gastrostomy: stomy is used as suffix and meaning "A new opening" – Gastrologist: specialist who are trained to diagnose and treat problems in gastrointestinal (GI) tract – Gastroplasty: a surgical repair of the stomach as a treatment for obesity – Gastrectomy: a surgical removal. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Suffixes -al = pertaining to -ic = pertaining to -itis= inflammation Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Suffixes The suffix –itis means inflammation. Inflammation is part of the body’s natural defense. The suffix itself does not tell us what caused the problem. For example, dermatitis can be caused by infection, eczema, or lupus. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Suffixes -scope -scopy – lapar/o = abdomen – -scopy = process of viewing ▪ laparoscopy Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 2.1 Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope, which is a tubular instrument inserted into the cavity. It includes a small camera for viewing the procedure on a monitor and surgical tools for working on internal organs. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 2.4 Gastroplasty. Illustration of a surgical repair of the stomach as a treatment for obesity, in which a band and staples are inserted to create a small pouch that serves to reduce stomach volume. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Summary Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved More examples Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 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