Pharmacy Orientation (PT 101) Lecture 1 PDF

PHARMACY ORIENTATION (PT 101) Dr. Heba Muneer Dr. Hoda Teba  Course Specification Department offering the course: Pharmaceutics department Academic year / level: First level, first semester Contact hours ( credit hours ): 1 Total: 1 credit hour Overall Aims...

PHARMACY ORIENTATION (PT 101) Dr. Heba Muneer Dr. Hoda Teba  Course Specification Department offering the course: Pharmaceutics department Academic year / level: First level, first semester Contact hours ( credit hours ): 1 Total: 1 credit hour Overall Aims of Course The aim of the course is to introduce pharmacy as an art and as a profession to the newly admitted pharmacy students. The course enables the students to understand and acquire the skills necessary for continuing pharmacy education and to realize the areas where they can practice their jobs in the future. Intended Learning Outcomes of Course (ILOs) 1. Know the history of pharmacy practice in various civilizations. 2. Identify essential mission of pharmacist and different fields where pharmacists can work. 3. Classify drugs according to sources and names. 4. State the steps of general dispensing procedures. 5. Identify different types of dosage forms and routes of drug administration. 6. Differentiate between different types of dosage forms and different routes of administration 7. Assess different types of prescriptions and how to deal with each type 8. Specify the ancient Arabic pharmacists and their achievements in the field of pharmacy. 9. Interpret different types of prescriptions 10. Illustrate the responsibilities of pharmacists in different careers. 11. Calculate the suitable dose for children. 12. Distinguish different dosage forms and suitable route of administration 13. The student will be able to communicate with the physicians and patients.  Student Assessment Methods Assessment Schedule Midterm…………………………………7-8th week Final exam………………………………14th week Weighting of Assessments Midterm 20 % (10 marks) Final exam 80 % (40 marks) Total 100 % (50 marks) Lecture Rules LECTURE 1 HISTORY OF PHARMACY Dr. Heba Muneer Lecturer of pharmaceutics Eras of development of pharmacy profession Ancient Era: Beginning of time to 1600 AD Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940 Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970 Patient care Era: 1970 to present Biotechnology and genetic engineering. Ancient Era Sumerians The development of cuneiform writing on clay tablets included lists of drugs of animal, vegetable and mineral origin that were used in the management of diseases, and prescriptions with details of the ingredients used in their compounding. Many of the drugs listed were cited as having multiple uses since ailments were thought to be different manifestations of a condition. Use of medicines was carried out by priests and physicians  Ancient Era Egyptians The Ebers Papyrus is a document dating back to 1550 BC, which describes prescriptions and modes of administration of drugs including gargles, inhalations, suppositories, ointments and lotions. Many of the drugs listed were included in the Sumerian documents Use of medicines was carried out by priests. Imhotep who is regarded as the earliest physician, was the High Priest of Heliopolis. Ancient Era Indians Ayurvedic medicine was first described around 800 BC. Documents list the use of drugs together with charms for expelling demons and make reference to the god of medicine, Dhanvantari. The Charaka Samhita includes reference to drugs of animal, plant and mineral origin used until the first century AD. Ancient Era China In China, a comprehensive theory for diagnosis and treatment was developed. Manuscripts on silk and bamboo describe use of drugs of animal and plant origin. The text Huangdi Neijing listed the basic principles of pharmaceutical drug use in the third century BC. Shengnon Bencao Jing outlined basic theory of Chinese pharmacy. The Pen Ts’ao Kang Mu compilation presents details of drugs used in Chinese medicine in the late sixteenth century AD. Ancient Era Greeks and Romans Just as the Egyptians revered Imhotep as the god–physician, the Greeks worshipped Asklepios as their god of healing. Later on, the use of medicines was carried out by the rhizotomoi (experts in medicinal plants), Ancient Era Greeks and Romans Hippocrates Considered to be the father of medicine. He is associated with a number of documents known collectively as the Hippocratic Corpus which list 200–400 drugs of vegetable origin and describe the method of preparation of gargles, ointment and pessaries. His works placed emphasis on treating the patient with minimal reference to magical and religious powers. Ancient Era Greeks and Romans Theophrastus known as The Father of Botany. He studied the adverse effects of plants. Paracelsus believed in chemical treatment of diseases rather than botanical one. Ancient Era Greeks and Romans Dioscorides Prepared the document De Materia Medica around AD 60–78. This document gives details about medicinal herbs including side- effects associated with their administration. Ancient Era Greeks and Romans Galen A physician around AD 160. He compiled medical knowledge of the time drawing on the documents by Hippocrates and Dioscorides. He described the use of formulations made up of numerous plants which were referred to as ‘galenicals’. Ancient Era Arabs A large number of texts including documents related to medicine and works by Galen were translated into Arabic. Documents that were prepared included formularies, herbals and books on materia medica and toxicology. The use of medications consisting of complex formulations (galenic medicine) was continued. This required skilled preparation which was entrusted to apothecaries who opened their shops in the ninth century in Baghdad. The practice of the apothecaries was inspected by the state. Ancient Era Arabs Muhamed ibn Zakarya el Razi (865-915) acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds. Abu al Qasim al Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936-1013) from the Arabic dominion in Spain, prepared documents which included a detailed description of the pharmaceutical process for the preparation of drugs in various dosage forms. Pioneered the preparation of medicines by Sublimation and Distillation Ancient Era Arabs Sabur Ibn Sahl The first physician to initiate pharmacopoeia, describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments. The advances made in the Middle East in Botany and Chemistry led medicine substantially to develop Pharmacology Al Biruni wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology entitled Kitab al-Saydalah (The Book of Drugs), where he gave detailed knowledge of the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist. Ancient Era Arabs Ibn Sina described not less than 700 preparations, their properties, mode of action and their indications. He devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in The Canon of Medicine Al-Muwaffaq he wrote The foundations of the true properties of Remedies, amongst others describing arsenious oxide, and being acquainted with silicic acid. He made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds, and also lead compounds. He also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking. Ancient Era Renaissance Era The end of ancient era is known as the RENAISSANCE (1350-1650 A.D.) Pharmacy became separated from medicine. Pharmacy regulation began. University education for pharmacists became required. Guilds were formed for the profession of pharmacy. Extensive pharmaceutical literature was created and new chemicals were introduced. The Empiric Era 1600-1940 Pharmacopeias were used to protect public health. Roots, barks, herbs, flowers were used and controlled by the government Created interest in testing of drugs and how they affected the body. Benjamin Franklin established the first hospital. The first hospital pharmacist to work in that hospital was Jonathan Roberts. Science grew in the 17th and 18th centuries and many new drugs and chemicals were identified e.g. nitrogen, chlorine, zinc, oxygen, atropine, quinine, caffeine, morphine, codeine, penicillin, testosterone, Phenobarbital and niacin. The Industrialization Era Many people needed drugs in this era for injuries and illnesses from the wars, so mass production of medications were made through industrial machines. Scientific research was also growing in the industrial era. Medicines and their effects were investigated. Due to many researches excessive use of lots of old and new drugs caused more adverse reactions or interactions between medications. Patient Care Era Appearance of new problems, complications like allergic drug reactions and interactions between drugs or between drugs and food increased the therapeutic duties of patient care in pharmacies and hospitals. Biotechnology Era (now to the future) Gene therapy is being conducted. Some diseases are linked to genetic defects Recombinant DNA technology are studied for genetic modification. Recombinant DNA is a form of DNA that is engineered through the combination or insertion of one or more DNA strands, thereby combining DNA sequences that would not normally occur together for genetic modification.