Al-Quds University Faculty of Pharmacy Introduction to Physiology Lecture 1 PDF

Al-Qdus University Faculty of Pharmacy Introduc)on to physiology 1214120 Dr. Dala Daraghmeh, PhD Course Credit Hours: 2 Textbook: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology  Body organization and homeo...

Al-Qdus University Faculty of Pharmacy Introduc)on to physiology 1214120 Dr. Dala Daraghmeh, PhD Course Credit Hours: 2 Textbook: Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology  Body organization and homeostasis Outlines: General Physiological Concepts Homeostasis Control mechanisms (negative and positive feedbacks) and disease control.  Anatomy vs Physiology Anatomy: the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another. Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function at different organizational levels (function and integration). Goal of physiology: explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development and progression of life.  Human Physiology The science of human physiology attempts to explain the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being. The fact that we remain alive is the result of complex control systems. Hunger makes us seek food, and Sensations of cold make us look for warmth. Levels of Organization The human body is organized in several levels, from the simplest to the most complex... Each level of body organization represents an association of units from the preceding level Chemical Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organismal  Cells The basic living unit of the body The entire body, contains about 100 trillion cells. Each type of cell is specially adapted to perform one or a few particular functions For instance, the red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues Although the many cells of the body often differ markedly from one another, all of them have certain basic characteristics that are alike  Tissues Tissues – clusters of cells performing a similar function There are four types of tissues founds in human. Types of tissues: vEpithelial tissue vConnective tissue vNervous tissue vMuscle tissue  Organs Organs are composed of two or more of the four kinds of tissues arranged in various patterns and proportions, such as sheets, tubes and layers. made of tissues that perform one specific function  Organ system System: A collecNon of organs that together perform a specific funcNon.  The 11 Human Body Systems The 11 human body systems are as follows: -- Nervous system -- Integumentary system -- Respiratory system -- Digestive system -- Excretory system -- Skeletal system -- Muscular system -- Circulatory system -- Endocrine system -- Reproductive system -- Lymphatic (immune) system ***The purpose of the 11 organ systems is for the human body to maintain homeostasis. Levels of Structural Organization  Body Fluids ØAbout 60 percent of the adult human body is fluid, mainly a water solution of ions and other substances ØMost of this fluid is inside the cells and is called intracellular fluid, about one third is in the spaces outside the cells and is called extracellular fluid  Fluid compartmentation The body's fluid separates into two main compartments: 1. Intracellular fluid (ICF) 2. Extracellular fluid (ECF).  Cellular surroundings Ø The extracellular fluid and extracellular matrix (ECM) Ø ECM : mixture of proteins, polysaccharides, and in some cases, minerals. Ø Functions of ECM -- Scaffold for cellular attachments -- Transmission of information, in the form of chemical messengers } The extracellular fluid is also called the internal environment of the body  Homeostasis Ø Defined as the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment so that cellular metabolic functions can proceed at maximum efficiency. Ø Homeostasis is maintained by muscles or glands that are regulated by sensory information from the internal environment. Ø It is A dynamic , not static, process Ø Essentially all organs and tissues of the body perform functions that help maintain these relatively constant conditions. Ø The various ions, nutrients, waste products, and other constituents of the body are normally regulated within a range of values, rather than at fixed values Ø Disease is often considered to be a state of disrupted homeostasis Homeostasis Homeostasis Homeostasis control systems Homeostasis control systems Homeostasis control systems Homeostasis control systems Feedback systems Negative feedback Positive feedback Feedforward system Types of control systems Cell to cell communication Intracellular chemical messenger Cell- to-cell communication