Chapter 1: The Foundation of Physiology PDF

1 CHAPTER 1 THE FOUNDATION OF PHYSIOLOGY Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2 Chapter 1 Homeostasis: The Foundation of Physiology Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3 Physiology a. Study of body functions b. Two processes explain bo...

1 CHAPTER 1 THE FOUNDATION OF PHYSIOLOGY Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 2 Chapter 1 Homeostasis: The Foundation of Physiology Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3 Physiology a. Study of body functions b. Two processes explain body functions: i. Teleological ii. Mechanistic Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd.  Anatomy 4 i. Study of the structure of the body ii. Structure-function relationships Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 5 Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd.  TYPICAL CELL 6 Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 7 Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 8 Basic Cell Functions a. Obtain nutrients and oxygen b. Perform chemical reactions c. Eliminate carbon dioxide and other wastes d. Synthesize needed cellular components e. Control exchange of materials f. Sensing and responding to changes in surrounding environment g. Reproduction Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 9 Tissues 1. Groups of cells with similar structure and specialized function 2. Four primary types of tissues a. Muscle tissue b. Nervous tissue c. Epithelial tissue d. Connective tissue Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 10 Tissues Epithelial tissue are organized into two general types of structures: i. Epithelial sheets ii. Secretory glands Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 11 How are glands formed? Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 12 Tissues Connective tissue a. Connects, supports, and anchors various body parts b. Examples i. Tendons ii. Bone iii. Blood iv. Loose Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 13 Organs a. Consist of two or more types of primary tissues that function together to perform a particular function or functions b. Example: Stomach i. Inside of stomach ii. Wall of stomach iii. Nervous tissue iv. Connective tissue Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 14 Organ (Body) Systems a. Groups of organs that perform related functions b. Human body has 11 systems Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd.  Organ (Body) Systems 15 1. Circulatory System 7. Integumentary System 2. Digestive System 8. Immune System 3. Respiratory System 9. Nervous System 4. Urinary System 10. Endocrine System 5. Skeletal System 11. Reproductive System 6. Muscular System Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 16 Body Systems Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 17 Body Systems Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 18 Homeostasis a. Defined as maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment by i. Minimizing change ii. Responding to change b. More commonly used idea Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 19 Homeostasis Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 20 Homeostasis a. Extracellular fluid (ECF) i. Fluid environment in which the cells live (fluid outside the cells) ii. Two components Plasma, interstitial fluid b. Intracellular fluid (ICF) Fluid contained within all body cells Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 21 BODY FLUID DISTRIBUTION Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 22 Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis 1. Circulatory system - Carries materials from one part of the body to another 2. Digestive system - Breaks down dietary food - Transfers water and electrolytes - Eliminates undigested food residues Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 23 Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis 3. Respiratory system - Gets O2 from and eliminates CO2 to the external environment - Maintenance of proper pH of internal environment 4. Urinary system - Removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from plasma and eliminates them in urine Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 24 Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis 5. Skeletal system - Provides support - Storage reservoir for calcium - Enables movement of body and its parts - Bone marrow is ultimate source of all blood cells 6. Muscular system - Moves the bones Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 25 Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis 7. Integumentary system - Outer protective barrier - Important in regulating body temperature 8. Immune system - Provides protection - Repairs or replaces injured or worn-out cells Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 26 Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis 9. Nervous system - Controls and coordinates bodily activities that require rapid responses - Detects and initiates reactions to changes in external environment 10. Endocrine system - Regulate activities that require duration rather than speed 11. Reproductive system - Not essential for homeostasis - Is essential for perpetuating the species Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd.  Homeostatic Control Systems 27 a. Detect deviations, integrate this information, and make appropriate adjustments b. Control systems are grouped into two classes: i. Intrinsic controls - Inherent in an organ ii. Extrinsic controls - Initiated outside an organ - Accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 28 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms A. Feedforward - responses made in anticipation of a change B. Feedback - responses made after change has been detected - Types of feedback systems: a. Negative b. Positive Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 29 Homeostatic Control Systems a. Negative feedback system i. Primary type of homeostatic control ii. Opposes initial change iii. Components  Sensor: monitors magnitude of a controlled variable  Control centre: compares sensor’s input with a set point  Effector: makes a response to produce a desired effect Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 30 Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 31 Homeostatic Control Systems b. Positive feedback system i. Amplifies an initial change ii. Example Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd. 32 Disruptions in Homeostasis i. Can lead to illness and death ii. Pathophysiology (disease) Copyright © 2016 by Nelson Education Ltd.