Lecture 1 - Introduction 2023 PDF

 METROLOGY (The Science of Measurement) Introduction Dr Jon Petzing VSL Dutch Metrology Institute https://youtu.be/vRnT8...

 METROLOGY (The Science of Measurement) Introduction Dr Jon Petzing VSL Dutch Metrology Institute https://youtu.be/vRnT8hIxjqk  On-line Expectations & House-Keeping Emails: On a busy day I will receive 100+ emails a day Please be patient – I will respond as soon as we can during working hours (9.00 – 17.00) Please do not expect any responses during evenings or weekends Module Information: Module Information will be communicated by the Module Noticeboard Module Information will also be communicated via Lectures On occasion Module Information may be communicated by email using the module email address Lectures will be captured and held in the Module Review Panel  Basic Module Details Metrology – Jon Petzing Subtractive Machining – Radmehr Monfared Electronics Manufacture – Patrick Webb Phase Test 1 – Week 4 – 30 multi-choice questions (20%) Phase Test 2 – Week 9 – 30 multi-choice questions (30%) Exam – Weeks 13/14 – multi-choice questions (50%)  Course Texts Primary course text is Kalpakjian (Manufacturing Engineering & Technology) – see Module Information Learn pages. – Metrology – Chapters 33 & 35 – Subtractive Machining – Chapters 21 - 27 – Electronics Manufacture – Chapter 28 – Library 4th edition (6 copies) – Library 5th edition (10 copies) – Library 6th edition (14 copies) All are relevant – Library 7th edition (11 copies) Supporting text for Electronics Manufacture is by Brindley (Newnes Electronics Assembly Handbook). – Library hard copy edition (4 copies) – Library electronic edition (multiple copies) Supporting texts for Metrology are by NPL (Measurement Good Practice Guides (see Metrology Learn pages). Module Learn Pages Please use the META module Learn pages for Manufacturing Technology: 23WS610META  Module Relationships Manufacturing technologies and DIS / DPS processes in the workplace BTEC Diploma in Engineering Typically - construction of Design & Technology / Physics A-level components, designing Part C Individual Projects factory layout, measuring physical parameters, etc IB Design / Physics Higher level Typically - construction of components, designing Part D Project Engineering (MEng Group Project) factory layout, measuring physical parameters, etc Workshop experience (machining and manufactur- ing techniques), design Integrating studies (A) development, systems thinking, critical thinking, Understanding of advanced metrology processes based Metrology (C/D) on coordinate and surface texture measurement Characteristics of materials, forming processes, deformation processes, Materials and Manufacturing Processes (A) finishing processes Manufacturing Technology Understanding of a range of advanced manufacturing Advanced Manufacturing Processes & Technology 1 & 2 (C/D) processes and applications Management principles, strategic planning, product planning, process planning, production planning, inventory Manufacturing Management (A) planning, forecasting de- Exploration of a range of laser mands, work studies based machining and materi- Laser Materials Processing (C) als modification processes Fluid properties - energy and momentum, Solid Mechanics - Development of a solution to a customer vibration, out of balance forces, Engineering Science 2 (B) need - then prototyping and develop- buckling of struts, fatigue Application of Product Design (B) ment of a manufacturing plan for production Forces, moments, Hooke's Law, structural analysis, Development of plant lay-out torsion, transverse loading, Engineering Science 1 (A) strategies, forecasting, stress, strain, heat transfer, sequencing, scheduling - all thermodynamics Manufacturing Planning & Control (B) needing understanding of manufacturing technologies  METEOROLOGY The study of the earth’s atmosphere in its relation to weather and climate This is NOT the subject of interest !! METROLOGY Metrology is the science of MEASUREMENT & CALIBRATION This is the subject I am going to talk about  METROLOGY - WHY BOTHER ?? Without measurement, there can be no fitness for purpose or conformity/compliance to design specifications Without calibration, there can be no national international measurement conformity, or measurement confidence For manufacturing companies, compliance with ISO 9000 and ISO/DIS 14253 standards is necessary  METROLOGY - WHY BOTHER ?? Metrology indicates whether a part/component/sub-assembly/ final product is acceptable or unacceptable Metrology allows comparison of the manufactured article with the original specification Metrology helps to improve product quality, reduce defects and reduce scrap rates, hence increasing market share, competitiveness, survivability and profitability  METROLOGY 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Legislation & Measurement Areas Analysis Methods Installation & Standards & Equipment Dismantling Health & Safety Calibration Information & Documentation Systems  1.1 LEGISLATION & STANDARDS 1.11 1.12 1.13 Law Standards Specifications 1.121 1.122 1.123 1.124 1.125 Company (CCP) European International (OSI) British (BS) American (ANSI)  1.2 HEALTH & SAFETY 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 Legislation Company Regulations Employees Duties Safe Systems of Work  1.4 INFORMATION & DOCUMENTATION SYSTEMS 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 Information & Data Presentation Computer Applications Handover Procedures Document Handling & Communication  1.3 CALIBRATION 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 Operation & Care Company Specifications Environment Fault Diagnosis Calibrations Methods Monitoring & Procedures  3.0 ANALYSIS METHODS 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Statistical Numerical Uncertainties Graphical Errors Probability  4.0 INSTALLATION & DISMANTLING 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Configuration Installation of Dismantling of Handling Techniques Equipment Equipment Equipment  2.0 MEASUREMENT AREAS & EQUIPMENT 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Dimensional Mechanics Thermal Pressure Vacuum Electrical 2.0 MEASUREMENT AREAS & EQUIPMENT 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 Optical Acoustics/Noise Radiation Time/Frequency Chemical Materials 2.0 MEASUREMENT AREAS & EQUIPMENT 2.13 2.14 2.15 Fluid Flow Environment Engineering Principles  METROLOGY QUOTE “When you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it; and when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind.” Lord William Thomas Kelvin https://youtu.be/YYrnjEo90fs  THE HISTORY OF METROLOGY c. 1500BC Egyptian “Cubit” 1000AD - 1800AD Monarch based measurements 1795 Metric system established in France 1824 Yard bar adopted as the British standard of length 1834 British Yard standard destroyed by fire 1855 New Imperial Standard Yard legalized by Act of Parliament 1875 French Bureau International des Poids et Mesures founded  THE HISTORY OF METROLOGY 1900 The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) founded 1901 The Engineering Standards Committee formed 1901 The USA National Bureau of Standards founded 1932 Standard temperature changed from 62F to 20C 1958 The laser invented 1987 First ISO 9000 series of standards issued 1994 ISO 9000 standards updated 1997 ISO/DIS 14253 standard issued  MEASUREMENT UNIT SYSTEMS There are four systems of units which are still in common use world-wide: British Imperial system Centimetre-Gram-Second (CGS/cgs) system Metre-Kilogram-Second (MKS/mks) system Systeme International d’Unites (SI) The SI system is the legal measurement system in the UK, although other systems will be found world wide The use of the Metric system was santioned for use in Britain by an Act of Parliament, in 1864 ! - 159 years ago !  CHANGING THE SI MEASUREMENT SYSTEM Continuously improving the definitions of the units ultimately makes it possible to have tighter tolerances and less waste. For example, gears will fit together better and therefore function more efficiently and manufacturing will be able to rely on the dimensions of parts to fit together. The revision to the SI was a profound change in approach, that will underlie all measurements in science and more widely. The new units are the same size as previously but defined more precisely. The new definitions (May 20th 2019) have impacted four of the base units: Kilogram – now defined in terms of the Planck constant (h) Ampere – now defined in terms of the elementary charge (e) Kelvin – now defined in terms of the Boltzmann constant (k) Mole – now defined in terms of the Avogadro constant (NA)  THE 2019 SI MEASUREMENT SYSTEM Definitions of the seven basic SI units are: 1 metre (m) = path travelled by light in 1/299 792 458 seconds (vacuum) 1 kilogram (kg) = the fixed numerical value of the Planck constant, ℎ, to be 6.626 070 15 × 10-34 when expressed in the unit J s, which is equal to kg m2 s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of the speed of light, 𝒸, and the hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom, ∆ν, respectively. 1 second (s) = duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of transition between two levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom 1 ampere (A) = the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602 176 634 × 10−19 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A s, where the second is defined in terms of ∆ν.  THE 2019 SI MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 1 kelvin (K) = the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant kB to be 1.380 649 × 10−23 when expressed in the unit J K−1, which is equal to kg m2 s−2 K−1, where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of 𝘩, 𝒸 and ∆ν. 1 candela (cd) = the luminous intensity of a monochromatic source emitting at 540x10E12 Hz, with a radiant intensity of 1/683 watts per steradian 1 mole (mol) = One mole contains exactly 6.022 140 76 × 1023 elementary entities. This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, 𝑁A, when expressed in the unit mol-1 and is called the Avogadro number. The amount of substance, symbol 𝑛, of a system is a measure of the number of specified elementary entities. An elementary entity may be an atom, a molecule, an ion, an electron, any other particle or specified group of particles. There are also two supplementary units: the radian and the steradian  METROLOGY (The Science of Measurement) Introduction Dr Jon Petzing VSL Dutch Metrology Institute https://youtu.be/vRnT8hIxjqk