Introduction To Ergonomics Lecture Notes PDF

8/30/2024 INTRODUCTION TO ERGONOMICS ERGONOMICS Coined from the Greek words ergon (meaning “work”) and nomos (meaning “rules”). Interdisciplinary field of study that seeks to design tools, equipment, and tasks to optimize...

8/30/2024 INTRODUCTION TO ERGONOMICS ERGONOMICS Coined from the Greek words ergon (meaning “work”) and nomos (meaning “rules”). Interdisciplinary field of study that seeks to design tools, equipment, and tasks to optimize human capabilities. “Make the work fit the person, not the person fit the work” 1  8/30/2024 HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS It all started on the EVOLUTION OF MAN 2  8/30/2024 Australopithecus Prometheus When human first began to use tools to accomplish tasks they could not do it with their bare hands, they were practicing Ergonomics. 3  8/30/2024 Intelligent reactions to the interactions between man and his environment Christensen (1976) As time goes by…. Machines Tools Work Processes 4  8/30/2024 Industrial Revolution The process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 05 Developments in Transportation & Communication 02 Development of AUTOMOBILE, New Organization of Work AIRPLANE, STEAMSHIP, RADIO Use of FACTORY SYSTEM which AND TELEGRAPH entailed DIVISION OF LABOR 01 03 Use of Basic Technological Materials Changes Use of MASS IRON and STEEL 04 PRODUCTION of Use of New Energy manufactured Sources goods. Use of Coal, Steam Engine and Electricity 5  8/30/2024 SPINNING JENNY is a multi-spindle spinning frame that reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. OTHER IMPORTANT INVENTIONS ELI WHITNEY ELIAS HOWE INTERCHANGEABLE SEWING MACHINE PARTS 1775 1836 1876 1798 1844 STEAM ENGINE TELEGRAPH TELEPHONE JAMES WATT SAMUEL F.B MORSE ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL 6  8/30/2024 OTHER IMPORTANT INVENTIONS NIKOLA TESLA ORVILLE & WILBUR WRIGHT INDUCTION ELECTRIC FIRST AIRPLANE MOTOR 1879 1892 1908 1888 1903 INCANDESCENT DIESEL ENGINE MODEL T RUDOLF DIESEL HENRY FORD LIGHT BULB THOMAS EDISON BERNARDINO RAMAZZINI In 1717, Bernardino Ramazzini first introduced to physicians the common injuries or disorders that arose from eighteen century occupations in his treatise De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (The Disease of Workers). 7  8/30/2024 WOJCIECH JASTRZEBOWSKI He created the word ergonomics in 1857 in a philosophical narrative, “based upon the truths drawn from the Science of Nature” (Jastrzebowski, 1857). Bad Time for Mankind. Good Start for Ergonomics. 8  8/30/2024 HOW IT WAS STARTED? AXIS FORCES GERMANY ITALY Japan ALLIED FORCES UNITED POLAND UNITED KINGDOM FRANCE STATES 9  8/30/2024 ERGONOMICS ON WORLD WAR II… World War II prompted greater interest in human-machine interaction as the efficiency of sophisticated military equipment (i.e., airplanes). DURING WORLDWAR AFTER WORLD WARIIII 10  8/30/2024 SAFETY & PRODUCTIVITY HUMAN FACTORS VS ERGONOMICS 11  8/30/2024 Why Ergonomics and Human Factors are DIFFERENT? International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors: “The conjunctive “and” strongly supports this interpretation”. 12  8/30/2024 If ergonomics and human factors were synonymous, why not just use one name? HUMAN FACTORS In the United States to refer to cognitive design issues as “human factors” and physical design issues as “ergonomics.” 13  8/30/2024 HUMAN FACTORS There are three basic human factors that must be accounted for in the design of the workplace: (1) people are different (2) people have limitations, and (3) people have certain expectations and predictable responses to given situations People are Different People come in different shapes and sizes. Yet, the workplace is often designed based on the premise that “one size fits all.” 14  8/30/2024 People have Limitations The physical and mental limits that confront humans are numerous. People have Predictable Reaction The cognitive processes— how humans think, make decisions, and react 15  8/30/2024 ERGONOMICS Ergonomics has a traditional relationship with the physical aspects of work, while human factors has a greater relationship to cognitive involvement. Musculo- Skeletal Disorders(MSD) 16  8/30/2024 Musculoskeletal System It provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It is made up of the bones of the skeleton, muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. Musculo-Skeletal Disorders (MSD) Are injuries and disorders that affect the human body’s movement or musculoskeletal system 17  8/30/2024 Example of Musculo-Skeletal Disorders(MSD) MUSCLES and TENDONS Example of Musculo-Skeletal Disorders(MSD) DISCS and BLOOD VESSELS 18  8/30/2024 Example of Musculo-Skeletal Disorders(MSD) LIGAMENTS and NERVES What are Work Related Musculo-Skeletal Disorders (WMSDs)? WMSDs are also known as: Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs) Overuse injuries They are soft tissue injuries which occur gradually 19  8/30/2024 SYPTOMS OF CAUSES OF (WMSDs) (WMSDs) Discomfort Burning Heavy, Frequent, or Awkward Lifting Pain Swelling Pushing, Pulling or Carrying Change in color Loads Numbness Tightness, loss of Working in Awkward Postures Inflammation Hand Intensive Work flexibility Vibration Contact Stress Risk factors for WMSDs Heavy Frequent or Awkward Lifting 20  8/30/2024 HEAVY LIFTING There are only recommendations for maximum weight a person can lift. FREQUENT LIFTING Lifting more than twice per minute 21  8/30/2024 AWKWARD LIFTING Lifting above the shoulders, below the knees or at arms’ length 22  8/30/2024 In the Philippines… CAPIZ “SEAFOOD CAPITAL OF THE PHILIPPINES” Capital: Roxas City 23  8/30/2024 VOODOO ERGONOMICS It is a misunderstood application of Ergonomics. Forcing to fit the workplace to the worker or forcing to design the product to its user without considering worker’s or user’s satisfaction. 24  8/30/2024 ACTIVITY TIME !!! 25