Lecture 1 - Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems PDF

Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems ECE21120: Electronic Systems and Design, Lecture Previously known as Industrial Electronics UNIVERSITY Departm...

Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems ECE21120: Electronic Systems and Design, Lecture Previously known as Industrial Electronics UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 2 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Robustness - "matibay", design to withstand harsh condition Industrial Electronics Efficiency - optimization, high performance in large scale operation Intergration - combining sensors and actuators, for seamless operation provides both efficiency and robustness as well It is a specialized branch of electronics that focuses on the design, implementation, and optimization of electronic devices and systems used in industrial environments. These systems are critical for automating, controlling, and monitoring industrial processes, often operating in high-power and demanding conditions. Example of Industrial Electronics: Growing of Oyster mushroom in a controlled system (sensors and actuators) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 3 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Key Components Power Electronics: Includes devices like thyristors, MOSFETs, and IGBTs used for consists of SCR, UJT, PUT, etc. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor motor drives, power conversion, and control systems. Automation Systems: Includes PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) for process automation. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 4 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Key Components Sensors and Actuators: Facilitates data collection and mechanical operations. Communication Systems: Ensures data transfer between devices and control units, often using protocols like Modbus, Ethernet/IP, and Profinet. Internet of Things - Monitoring of the environmental condition of the mushroom farm (exg. when temperature changes, AI controls the sprinklers) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems ESD compasses the end to end process of creating electronic devices from conceptualizaition to implementation ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS AND ELECTRONICS Industrial Electronics is a significant subset of Electronic Systems and Design More focus in the industrial environment DESIGN UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 6 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems What is their relationship? System-Level Design in Industrial Electronics through requirement analysis, system integration, and reliability testing. requirement analysis - Given by Sir Glenn, specification, specify the industrial needs (exg. motor control, process monitoring) system integration - with that requirements above, how will I combine the hardware and software devices? reliability testing - to ensure that the system is durable for industrial application. (exg. when creating a project, ensure the questions such as "what if I increase the voltage? What happens when I place this under a controlled temperature?" UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 7 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems What is their relationship? Innovation and invention Incorporating ESD Principles into Industrial Electronics through design for manufacturability, energy efficiency, and embedded system minimize power consumption integration. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 8 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Applications of Industrial Electronics in ESD Smart Manufacturing: ESD integrates advanced control systems like predictive maintenance using IoT devices. Renewable Energy Systems: Power electronics (part of industrial electronics) plays a critical role in converting and managing renewable energy sources. Automation and Robotics: Industrial electronics provides the sensors, actuators, and power systems for robots. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Thyristors Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 10 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Thyristors Thyristors came form the combined words, thyratron and transistor. Thyratron - Gas-filled tubes used for high power switching Therefore, thyristors are the solid-state equivalent of thyratrons! This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY- NC Solid-state: Mainly made out of semiconductor! like transistors! Most thyristors are four-layer and three-junction semiconductor device used for power applications. Examples of thyristors: Silicon Controlled Rectifier Diode for AC Triode for AC This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY- SA UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 11 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Thyristors MEMORIZE THE SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS OF EACH THYRISTORS Thyristors include the following: Silicon Controlled Shockley Diode Diac Rectifier (SCR) Gate Turn-off Silicon Triac Thyristor Controlled (GTO) Switch (SCS) Silicon Silicon Light Activated Unilateral Bilateral SCR (LASCR) Switch (SUS) Switch (SBS) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 12 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Thyristors Thyristors include the following: Image from https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/uploads/articles/thyristor-symbols.jpg UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 13 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems The Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) An SCR is a 4-layer device with three terminals: Anode, Cathode, and Gate always connected to the p end junction in SCR, gate is palaging katabi ni Cathode. The simplified structure of an SCR is shown along with its schematic symbol. SCR acts as a uni directional switches; in industrial electronics, it facilitate efficient automation, power management, harnessing electrical energy, etc. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 14 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems The Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) They remain in an off state (blocking current) until a small gate signal triggers them, at which point they allow current to flow from the anode to the cathode. Once turned on, they continue small gate signal to activate the conducting until the current device, current flowing from anode to cathode. drops below a certain threshold (known as the holding current). UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 15 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems How SCRs Interact Within Systems In industrial systems, SCRs are typically used to: 1. Control the power supplied to motors, heaters, and other high-power loads. 2. Act as rectifiers in AC-to-DC conversion processes. 3. Function as switches in phase-controlled rectifiers, enabling dynamic control of output voltage and current. 4. Enable soft starting of motors to reduce mechanical stress and current surges. SCR is very good in precise trigerring and latching mechanism UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 16 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Importance of SCRs Motor Speed Control Industrial Heating Power Conversion Static Switches since they are solid state device, nagmumukha rin silang solid-state release Voltage Regulation since rectifier (AC to DC) LOOK FOR CKTS THAT USES SCR, SUCH AS MOTOR STARTER, LAN CONTROL, AND RECTIFIER OPERATION UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 17 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Practical Demonstrations Lamp Control Motor Starter Rectifier Operation UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 18 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems The Unijunction Transistor (UJT) "isa lang ang pn junction" The UJT is a three-terminal device having the basic construction shown in the figure. It is called “unijunction” because this transistor has only one PN junction. The UJT has three terminals labeled as the Emitter (E), Base 1 (B1), and Base 2 (B2). UJTs are used in a wide variety of applications, including oscillators, trigger circuits, sawtooth generators, phase control, timing circuits, and bistable networks. paano nagiging essential sa industrial ang UJT? again for automation, control, power management pero mostly ginagamit sa triggering devices like oscillators, timers providing precise signal generation. (para mas cost effective) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 19 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems The Unijunction Transistor (UJT) Aluminum Rod It is composed of a lightly doped n-type silicon material. The two base terminals are connected to each end of the slab. An aluminum rod is alloyed in the silicon slab and serves as the emitter terminal of the device. Some UJTs may not use an aluminum rod but may implant a heavily doped p-type pocked in the silicon slab. A single PN junction will form! Although the aluminum rod is not a p-type material, the junction between the aluminum and the n-type material will form a junction similar to a PN junction due to the Schottky Barrier (present in all metal-semiconductor junctions) take note! aluminum rods are not P type materials, see the explanation above. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 20 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems The Unijunction Transistor (UJT) UJTs are three-terminal semiconductor devices with a single PN junction. They are known for their ability to: 1. Operate as Switches: Conduct only when the input voltage reaches a specific threshold (the peak-point voltage). 2. Generate Oscillations: By rapidly switching between conducting and non-conducting states, UJTs can produce periodic signals. 3. Enable Timing: Serve as a basis for timing circuits by charging and discharging capacitors in predictable cycles. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 21 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems How UJTs Interact Within Systems UJTs primarily interact within systems by: UJT triggers the SCR (palaging kadikit ni UJT si SCR) it also brovides controlled pulses in the Gate terminal for SCR to operate 1. Triggering Power Devices: Providing controlled pulses to devices like SCRs and TRIACs for switching and rectification. 2. Signal Generation: Acting as oscillators or waveform generators for timing and control purposes. 3. Time Delay Circuits: Enabling delay functionality for sequential processes in automation. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 22 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Importance of UJTs Triggering Circuits Relaxation Oscillators Time Delay Circuits Waveform Generation * (SCRs and TRIACS) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 23 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Practical Demonstrations SCR Triggering UJT + SCR = Lamps brightness , motor speeds Relaxation Oscillator capacitor and resistor values to vary frequency of generated pulses. Time Delay Functionality control the time delay and relay UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 24 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems The Programmable UJT (PUT) The problem with UJT is that its intrinsic standoff ratio is fixed. This main disadvantage of the UJT is solved by the Programmable Unijunction Transistor or PUT. Although there is a similarity in name, the actual construction and mode of operation of the programmable unijunction transistor (PUT) are quite different from those of the unijunction transistor. Unlike UJT, PUT have multiple PN junctions. It has similar characteristics with the UJT. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 25 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems The Programmable UJT (PUT) The PUT is a 4-layer PNPN device with the gate connected to the sandwiched n-type layer. PUT is under the Thyristor family! Its device construction and schematic symbol are similar to that of an SCR. Therefore, to fire the UJT, gate current should be introduced. Unlike the SCR, the current through the gate is only present when the PN junction between the nasa Anode side - n type material ang Gate unlike sa anode and cathode is forward biased. SCR. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 26 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems UJT resistors are inherent. The Programmable UJT (PUT) Yung resistance kung bakit nagkakaroon siya ng fixed intrinsic stand off ratio is inherent doon sa material na ginamit sa kanya para ma construct PUT is called programmable because the resistor can be changed PUTs are three-terminal semiconductor devices with programmable threshold voltages. Basic characteristics include: 1. Threshold Programming: External resistors determine the voltage at which the PUT conducts. 2. Switching Behavior: Operates as a switch, remaining off until the input voltage exceeds the programmed threshold. 3. Oscillator Functionality: Produces periodic signals when used in relaxation oscillator circuits. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 27 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems How PUTs Interact Within Systems PUT works alongside components like thrysistors, sensors, actuators, and in general, it ensures synchronize operation and efficient control PUTs interact within systems by: 1. Triggering Thyristors: Generating precisely timed gate pulses for SCRs or TRIACs used in motor drives and power converters. 2. Signal Control: Acting as oscillators to generate periodic signals for timing and sequencing applications. 3. Voltage and Current Management: Providing reliable control over circuit operations, enabling smooth transitions and regulated responses in automation systems. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 28 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Importance of PUTs Triggering Circuits Oscillator Circuits Time Delay Circuits Industrial Test Equipment UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 29 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Practical Demonstrations SCR Triggering Almost the same with the UJT Relaxation Oscillator Time Delay Example UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 30 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Four-Layer Diode (Shockley Diode) The four-layer diode (or the Shockley diode) is a four-layer pnpn diode with only two No gate current Ig = 0 external terminals. It operates similar to an SCR with 𝐼𝐺 = 0. fundamental components in industrial electrionics (used for automation, control and power management) acts as switches capable of handling significant power, that is essential for triggering circuits, voltage regulation and protective functions in electronic circuits. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 31 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Four-Layer Diode (Shockley Diode) The device construction and schematic symbol is shown in the figure. Shockley diodes are four-layer, two-terminal semiconductor devices consisting of alternating P- type and N-type materials (PNPN structure). UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 32 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Four-Layer Diode (Shockley Diode) They operate as a bistable switch with the following characteristics: mataas ang resistance before mag flow ang current from anode to cathode terminal 1. Breakover Voltage: Remain in a high-resistance state until the applied voltage exceeds a critical threshold, triggering the diode into conduction. Since switch siya, the resistance will drop. 2. Latch Behavior: Once conducting, they stay in the low- resistance state until the current drops below a holding value. 3. Unidirectional Operation: Current flows in one direction, making them suitable for DC circuits. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 33 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems How Shockley Diodes Interact Within Systems In industrial systems, Shockley diodes are primarily used for: 1. Voltage Threshold Switching: They conduct only when the applied voltage exceeds a specific breakover voltage, enabling precise control in circuits. 2. Triggering Power Devices: They provide the necessary initial trigger for SCRs and TRIACs in high-power applications. 3. Overvoltage Protection: Serve as protective components by clamping excessive voltage in sensitive circuits. More on the safety and efficient operation. Not necessarily it gives functional aspect in a circuit. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 34 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Importance of Shockley Diodes Triggering Circuits Overvoltage Protection Voltage Sensing Pulse Generation UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 35 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Practical Demonstrations Threshold Switching Triggering SCRs Overvoltage Protection UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 36 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems DIAC plays a vital role by enabling bidirectional current flow, and precise control Diode for AC (DIAC) ` of AC power , usually ginagamit ito before symmetrical triggering device. (triacs, etc) It is a two-terminal thyristor that can conduct current in either direction when activated. Conduction occurs in a DIAC when the breakover voltage is reached with either polarity across the two terminals. Once breakover occurs, current is in a direction depending on the polarity of the voltage across the terminals. The device turns OFF when the current drops below the holding value. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 37 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Diode for AC (DIAC) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 38 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Diode for AC (DIAC) DIACs are two-terminal semiconductor devices that allow bidirectional current flow once the applied voltage exceeds their breakover voltage. Key characteristics include: 1. Bidirectional Operation: Conduct in both directions, ensuring symmetrical triggering in AC circuits. 2. Breakover Voltage: Remain non-conducting until the applied voltage reaches a specific threshold in either direction. 3. Non-latching Behavior: Automatically return to a non- conducting state when the current drops below a certain value. kung si shockley, may latching behavior, si DIAC wala. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 39 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems How DIACs Interact Within Systems DIACs function as triggers in AC power systems, interacting with other components such as: 1. Thyristors (e.g., TRIACs): Provide symmetrical gate triggering for TRIACs in phase control applications. 2. Sensors and Actuators: Work alongside sensors to monitor physical parameters and actuators to control devices like motors and heaters. 3. Control Circuits: Serve as part of feedback loops in power regulation and dimming systems. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 40 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Importance of DIACs Triggering TRIACs Power Regulation Waveform Shaping Voltage Threshold Devices UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 41 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Practical Demonstrations Phase Control for Lighting (Demonstrates how DIAC differs from Triac to dim a light by varying the phase angle of the AC supply) Motor Speed Control AC Waveform Triggering UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 42 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Triode for AC (TRIAC) It is essentially a DIAC with a gate terminal. Analogy: Shockley Diode → DIAC; SCR → TRIAC It can be turned ON by a pulse of gate current and does not require the breakover voltage to initial conduction. Initially may bypass terminal no need to exceed breakover voltage to initiate a condition. It can be simplified as two SCRs connected anti-parallel with a common gate terminal Unlike SCRs, TRIACs can conduct current in either direction. This will depend on the polarity of the main terminal voltage. TRIACs and DIACs are considered as “Bilateral Switches”. "In that sense, TRIAC is bidirectional and has many usage, but this will depend in the polarity of the main terminal voltage" UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 43 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Triode for AC (TRIAC) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 44 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Triode for AC (TRIAC) A TRIAC is a three-terminal semiconductor device that controls the flow of AC power. Key characteristics include: 1. Bidirectional Operation: Capable of conducting current in both directions during each AC cycle. 2. Gate Triggering: Activated by a small voltage applied to its gate terminal, allowing current to flow through the main terminals. 3. Phase Control: Allows precise adjustment of power by controlling the conduction angle in each AC cycle. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 45 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems How TRIACs Interact Within Systems TRIACs work in coordination with various industrial components to manage AC power effectively: 1. Sensors: Receive signals from sensors monitoring parameters such as temperature or pressure to adjust power output accordingly. regulate devices na nag aacts as physical operators 2. Actuators: Regulate devices like motors, heaters, or lamps by controlling the phase of AC voltage. 3. Triggering Devices: Often triggered by DIACs to ensure DIAC usually triggers its gate terminal to ensure smooth and smooth and symmetrical operation. symmetrical operation. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 46 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Importance of TRIACs Lighting Control Motor Speed Regulation Temperature Control AC Power Switching UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 47 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Practical Demonstrations Light Dimming Motor Speed Control Temperature Regulation UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 48 SBS is also a type of a thyristor Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems that can conduct in both directions which is ideal for symmetrical triggering and waveform control in industrial applications Silicon Bilateral Switch (SBS) Usually in system, yung SBS interacts w/ other components such as DIAC TRIAC SENSORS ACTUATORS, to ensure the efficient and reliable operation particularly kapag yung ckt requires bidirectional control It is a bilateral breakover device, just like a DIAC. it enables precise trigger and control para sa mga AC and DC components na nasa ckt natin. Once it conducts, it will continue to conduct until the current through its anodes fall below the holding current 𝐼𝐻𝑂. The gate terminal can be used to alter its breakover voltage in one direction. minsan pinapalitan si DIAC ng SBS pero yung breakover voltage is lower compared to that of a DIAC kaya mas madali siyang i-alter. It can be used to replace a diac, but its 𝑉𝐵𝑂 is typically lower compared to that of a diac. For SBS, the popular rating for 𝑉𝐵𝑂 is ±8 V. It is popular in low-voltage trigger circuits. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 49 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Silicon Bilateral Switch (SBS) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 50 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Silicon Bilateral Switch (SBS) An SBS is a four-layer bidirectional thyristor with the following characteristics: 1. Bidirectional Conduction: Capable of operating symmetrically in both directions when the applied voltage exceeds its threshold (breakover voltage). 2. Triggering and Switching: Acts as a trigger device, particularly for TRIACs, by providing precise and reliable switching action. 3. Voltage Threshold Operation: Remains in a high-resistance state until the breakover voltage is reached, after which it switches to a low-resistance conducting state. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 51 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems How SBS Interact Within Systems SBS works effectively: 1. With TRIACs: Acts as a reliable and efficient trigger source for controlling AC power in lighting or motor control applications. 2. With Sensors: Collaborates with sensors to detect voltage or current levels, triggering other devices when predefined thresholds are met. 3. With Actuators: Controls actuators indirectly by enabling precise triggering of TRIACs or other switching devices that drive the actuators. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 52 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Importance of SBS Triggering TRIACs in Phase-Control Circuits Relaxation Oscillators Waveform Control Overvoltage Protection UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 53 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Practical Demonstrations ipapakita yung triggering ni SBS to adjust the brightness of the lamp by varying the conduction angle Triggering a TRIAC in a Dimmer Circuit sa relaxation oscillators naman, Pulse Generation in Relaxation Oscillators Waveform Shaping SBS improves TRIAC and cleans the waveform UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 54 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS) It is more popular and modern compared to the four-layer diode. The SUS conducts when the forward 𝑉𝐵𝑂 is reached, or when the reverse breakdown voltage is reached. Once it conducts, it will continue to conduct until the current from the anode to the cathode falls below the holding current 𝐼𝐻𝑂. It is a low-voltage, low-current device. It has a 𝑉𝐵𝑂 = 8 V and current limit of 1 A. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 55 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 56 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS) The Silicon Unilateral Switch is a four-layer semiconductor device with the following characteristics: 1. Unidirectional Conduction: Conducts current in a single direction, operating as a voltage-triggered switch. 2. Voltage Threshold Switching: Remains in a high- impedance state until the applied voltage exceeds its breakover threshold, after which it switches to a low- impedance, conducting state. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 57 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Silicon Unilateral Switch (SUS) The Silicon Unilateral Switch is a four-layer semiconductor device with the following characteristics: 3. Built-in Triggering: Has an integrated trigger diode for precise voltage control, allowing for consistent operation without external trigger components. SUS hindi kailangan ng external trigger components 4. Non-Latching Behavior: Returns to the off state when the current falls below the holding current, ensuring predictable and controllable switching behavior. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 58 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems How SUS Interact Within Systems SUS works effectively: 1. With Sensors: Detects changes in voltage or current and triggers other components like TRIACs or actuators accordingly. 2. With Actuators: Serves as part of a control circuit, enabling actuators to perform specific actions based on timing or voltage conditions. 3. In Power Management: Works alongside other thyristors to ensure precise voltage control and protection in industrial electronics systems. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 59 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Importance of SUS Timing Circuits Triggering Thyristors Pulse Generation Voltage Sensing and Control UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 60 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Practical Demonstrations Pulse Generator Circuit Triggering an SCR power switching applications Timing Control setup a delay ckt, and to see automation processes UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Transducers Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems a "DEVICE" that converts one form of energy to nother UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 62 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Transducers A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another. Transducers are often used to convert physical quantities like temperature, pressure, or light into electrical signals. In industrial electronics, they serve as critical intermediaries that bridge physical processes and electronic systems. By transforming energy into an electrical signal (or vice versa), transducers enable electronic systems to monitor, control, and automate processes. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 63 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Transducers UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 64 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Transducers Based on Conversion Method 1. Active: Generate electrical output directly from the input energy without an external power source. (e.g., Thermocouples, Piezoelectric transducers) No need for AC Source, DC source, or even generator, just by itself it can produce an electrical output 2. Passive: Require an external power source to operate. (e.g., Strain gauges, Capacitive transducers.) Passive Transducer: including Thyristor Devices UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 65 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Analog and Digital Transducers 1. Analog: This type of Transducers converts the input quantity into an analog signal output, which is a continuous function of time. 2. Digital: Digital transducers generate an electrical output in the form of pulses which form a unique code. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 66 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Primary and Secondary Transducers Some transducers consist of a mechanical device along with an electrical device. 1. Primary: In such types of transducers, the mechanical device acts as a primary transducer and converts physical quantity into the mechanical signal. 2. Secondary: The mechanical signal produced by the primary transducer converts into an electrical signal by the electrical device and it is called a secondary transducer. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 67 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Primary and Secondary Transducers UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 68 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Transducer and Inverse Transducer Transducers are those that convert-electrical quantity into electrical quantity whereas inverse transducer converts electrical quantity into non-electrical quantity. A microphone is a transducer that converts the sound signal into an Example of Inverse Transducer: A ELECTRICAL SIGNAL loudspeaker converts an electrical signal into a sound signal is an inverse transducer. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 69 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Transducers Based on Transduction Principle The common transducer types are the following: Piezoelectric Electromagnetic Electromechanical Thermal Optical Inductive Resistive Pressure Mechanical UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 70 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Transducers Based on Transduction Principle 1. Piezoelectric: Devices that generate an electrical charge in response to mechanical stress due to the piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric example: m13 virus is an active transducer that can generate electrical signals, a very small power then amplifed, stored in a lithium ion battery. 2. Electromagnetic: Devices that convert electromagnetic fields into electrical signals. 3. Electromechanical: Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy or vice versa. microphone (soundwaves) electric motors generators UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 71 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Transducers Based on Transduction Principle 4. Thermal: Devices that sense or convert temperature into electrical signals. 5. Optical: Devices that convert light energy into electrical signals or vice versa. Photodiodes, LDR, etc. 6. Inductive: Use the principle of inductance change to measure displacement or pressure. LVDT - Linear Variable Differential Transformers (measures displacement or pressure) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 72 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Transducers Based on Transduction Principle 7. Resistive: Change their resistance in response to changes in electrical resistance. exg. photoresistor, potentiometer (but more on displacement) 8. Pressure: Convert physical force into a number or reading that can be measured. piezoelectric could be used. (parang timbangan) 9. Mechanical: Devices that convert physical forces, motion, or displacement into electrical signals. tachometers (rotational speed then converted to voltage) accelerometers, etc. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Sensors and Actuators Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 74 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Sensors and Actuators In terms of basic functionality, transducers can be classified as input and output transducers. Input transducers or sensors convert physical phenomena phyisical phenomena into electrical signals such as pressure, temperature, or light into electrical signals. Example is a thermocouple converts heat into a voltage. electrical signals into physical phenomena Output transducers or actuators convert electrical signals into physical actions like motion or heat. Example is a speaker converts electrical signals into sound. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 75 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Temperature Sensors Devices that measure temperature and provide output in electrical signals. Convert thermal energy into electrical signals based on resistance, voltage, or current changes. uses Seebeck effect Examples are thermocouples, RTDs (Resistance RTD measures temperature by correlating resistance w/ temperature Temperature Detectors), thermistors, and infrared sensors. non-linear devices with resistance if sensors - non contact etc. it varies inversely with temperature usually dito pumapasoko yung negative temperature senses UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 76 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Pressure Sensors Sensors that measure the force exerted by a fluid (liquid or gas) per unit area. Detect pressure using piezoelectric, capacitive, or resistive principles. Examples are piezoelectric pressure sensors, Capacitive Pressure Sensors, and strain gauge sensors. Piezoelectric - voltage proportional to pressure Capacitive - pressure with respect to variation in capacitance Strain gauge - pressure induced strain, change in resistance then converted in electrical signals UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 77 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Proximity Sensors Detect the presence or absence of objects without physical contact. Use electromagnetic, optical, or capacitive effects to detect nearby objects. use for non-metalic object such as liquid level detection Examples are inductive proximity sensors, capacitive proximity sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and infrared sensors. used for clap activated lighting security and motion detectors parting assistance UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 78 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Motion Sensors Detect movement or changes in position in the surrounding environment. Works by measuring infrared radiation emitted by objects or detecting changes in acceleration forces using capacitive or piezoelectric methods. Examples are PIR Sensors and accelerometers. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 79 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Humidity Sensors Measure moisture content in the air by detecting changes in electrical capacitance or resistance caused by water vapor. Works by using a hygroscopic dielectric material to sense capacitance changes or measuring variations in resistance due to moisture absorption. Examples are Capacitive Humidity Sensors, Resistive Humidity Sensors, and hygrometers. s UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 80 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Gas Sensors Detect the presence of specific gases by measuring changes in conductivity or chemical reactions that generate a signal. Works by using a thin film that reacts with gas molecules to change resistance or generating a current proportional to the gas concentration via a chemical reaction. Examples are CO2 Sensors, Methane Sensors, Metal Oxide HVAC Systems or Air quality control Sensors, and Electrochemical Sensors. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 81 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Force Sensors Measure the force applied to an object by detecting changes in resistance, voltage, or deformation. Works by using changes in electrical resistance as the material stretches under force or generating a voltage when subjected to mechanical stress. Examples are Strain Gauge Sensors and Piezoelectric Force Sensors. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 82 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Sound Sensors Detect sound waves (vibration in the air) and convert them into electrical signals. Works by using diaphragms to create voltage changes from air pressure variations or emitting high-frequency sound waves and detect their reflection to sense objects. Examples are microphones and ultrasonic sensors. also used in radars UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 83 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Application of Sensors Industrial process monitoring. Possible FA: Applications of these sensors and what would you use? Weather stations. Automotive systems like tire pressure monitoring. Industrial hydraulic systems. Robotics for object detection. Consumer electronics for touchless interactions. Automatic lighting systems. Solar energy systems. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 84 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Electrical Actuators Actuators powered by electrical energy, producing linear or rotary motion. Use electrical signals to generate motion through electromagnetic, piezoelectric, or thermal effects. Examples are electric motors, solenoids, and piezoelectric actuators. Type text here UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 85 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Hydraulic Actuators Actuators that use pressurized hydraulic fluid to generate force and motion. Fluid is pumped into a cylinder, creating pressure that moves a piston to produce linear or rotary motion. Examples are hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors. used in mechanical systems (mechatronics, robotics, excavators,linear motion with height force etc) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 86 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Pneumatic Actuators Actuators that utilize compressed air to produce motion. Compressed air enters a cylinder, creating pressure that moves a piston. Examples are pneumatic cylinders and pneumatic motors. packaging machines, power tools UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 87 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Thermal Actuators Actuators that rely on temperature changes to produce motion or force. Utilize thermal expansion of materials or fluids to generate movement. Examples are thermostatic valves and Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs). HVAC Systems UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 88 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Mechanical Actuators Actuators that use mechanical components (e.g., gears, levers) to amplify motion. Transform rotational or linear input into desired mechanical motion. Examples are Rack and Pinion Mechanisms and Lead Screws. Steering system, automotives, smart vehicles etc. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 89 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Magnetic Actuators Use magnetic fields to produce motion or force. Electromagnetic forces move components. Examples are Voice Coil Actuators and Magnetic Latches. Computer system, may voice coil actuators to generate precise rotary motion to move yung hard disk drive etc. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 90 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Electro-Hydraulic Actuators Combination of electric and hydraulic principles for motion control. Electric signals control a hydraulic system. Example includes Hybrid Actuators. Aircraft control surfaces (not just electric but also comes with hydraulic) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 91 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Rotational Actuators Produce rotary motion. Use electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic energy to generate rotation. Examples are Stepper Motors and Servo Motors. both ginagamit sa 3d printers, drone, camera gimbals(?) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 92 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Linear Actuators Provide straight-line motion. Use electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic energy to move a shaft or rod linearly. Example includes Electric Linear Actuators. adjusting of hospital beds, etc. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Electronic Systems Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 94 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems IoT, devices, and Electronic Systems hands on exam in lab Electronic systems refer to integrated sets of hardware and software designed to process, monitor, control, or automate tasks using electrical signals. for intrumentations, embedded systems These systems are essential in industrial, commercial, and residential settings for enhancing efficiency, safety, and comfort. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 95 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) PLCs are industrial computers used for automating machinery, processes, or manufacturing lines. PLCs monitor inputs (e.g., sensors), execute programmed logic, and control outputs (e.g., motors or actuators). Manufacturing lines such as San Miguel Corporation Cashier Registers to Kitchen Devices (automatic na nagluluto and more on monitoring nalang. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 96 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Building Management Systems (BMS) Including HVAC Controls BMS are centralized systems that monitor and control building operations, including heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), lighting, and energy management. Optimize energy consumption and maintain occupant comfort. Best example: NAIA Airport (pinaka worst HVAC system) UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 97 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Security and Surveillance Control Systems Smoke sensors in bank, pawnshop, residential, etc. Systems that monitor, detect, and respond to security breaches using cameras, alarms, and access control devices. Real-time surveillance and automated alerts enhance safety and prevent theft or vandalism. Direct connections, cameras that doesn't use IP Address and: Security door that uses keypad which automatically sends to a police station if the password is incorrect UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 98 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Audio-Video and Lighting Controls Systems that manage audiovisual presentations and lighting to enhance ambiance and functionality. Enable remote or automated control of lighting and AV systems, often integrated with smart technologies. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 99 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCADA systems monitor and control industrial processes by collecting real-time data and enabling remote operations. Centralized monitoring of processes such as water treatment, energy distribution, and manufacturing. NGCP - efficiency and monitoring of electric/ UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 100 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Fire and Life Safety Controls Systems that detect and respond to fire or other life- threatening situations to ensure safety. Use smoke detectors, alarms, and sprinklers to detect fires and initiate emergency responses. More on Hands on exercises sa Prelims sa Laboratory - possible makipag coodinate with arki students sa mga floor plan, buildings, Sa finals, more on pag create mg etc. design diagram electronics plan - fire safety controls, ethernet cables, etc. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 101 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems Lecture No. 1 References: T. J. Maloney, Modern Industrial Electronics (4th Edition). Prentice Hall, 2001. R. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory. Harlow: Pearson Education, 2014. UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering  REF-SPP-COE-ECE-DEP-GCV-I01-R00-09262020 | 102 Lecture No. 1: Identification of Industrial Electronic Devices and Systems End of Discussion UNIVERSITY Department OF SANTO TOMAS of Electronics – DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Engineering