CMPE-101 Module 4: Introduction to Embedded Systems PDF

CMPE 101- COMPUTER ENGINEERING AS A DISCIPLINE Modules 4-5: 4- Introduction to Embedded Systems 5- Overview of integrated circuits and microcontrollers Lesson Title: Introduction to Embedded Systems...

CMPE 101- COMPUTER ENGINEERING AS A DISCIPLINE Modules 4-5: 4- Introduction to Embedded Systems 5- Overview of integrated circuits and microcontrollers Lesson Title: Introduction to Embedded Systems Learning Objectives: By the end of the lesson, students will be able to: 1. Define what an embedded system is. 2. Understand the basic components of an embedded system. 3. Identify real-world applications of embedded systems. 4. Differentiate between general-purpose and embedded systems. 5. Explore career opportunities related to embedded systems. I. Introduction to Embedded Systems 1. Definition: o Embedded System: A combination of hardware and software designed to perform a dedicated function or task. Unlike general-purpose computers, they are optimized for specific tasks. o Examples: Washing machines, microwave ovens, cars’ anti-lock braking systems (ABS), smartwatches, etc. 2. Key Characteristics of Embedded Systems: o Task-Specific: Performs only one task or a set of related tasks. o Real-Time Performance: Many embedded systems need to operate in real-time (e.g., medical devices, industrial automation). o Reliability: Must be dependable, as failures can have serious consequences. o Size and Power Constraints: Often small in size and designed to consume minimal power. II. Components of an Embedded System (20 minutes) 1. Hardware Components: o Microcontroller (or Microprocessor): The brain of the embedded system, responsible for executing the software.  o Memory: Used to store the program and data. It can be ROM (Read-Only Memory) or RAM (Random Access Memory). o Input/Output (I/O): Devices that allow the system to interact with the external environment (e.g., sensors, displays, buttons). o Power Supply: Provides the necessary voltage to the components. 2. Software Components: o Firmware: Software written for embedded systems, typically stored in non-volatile memory. o Operating System (Optional): Some complex embedded systems use real-time operating systems (RTOS) to manage hardware and run multiple tasks. III. Real-World Applications of Embedded Systems (15 minutes) 1. Consumer Electronics: Mobile phones, digital cameras, smart TVs. 2. Automotive Industry: Engine control systems, GPS navigation, airbags. 3. Healthcare: Heart rate monitors, insulin pumps, MRI machines. 4. Industrial Automation: Robotic arms, conveyor belt systems. 5. Aerospace: Flight control systems, satellite control. 6. Smart Homes: Thermostats, security systems, smart appliances. 7. Telecommunications 8. Internet of Things (IoT) 9. Transportation 10. Retail Systems Real-world applications of embedded systems, along with examples: 1. Consumer Electronics Embedded systems are integrated into many household and personal devices to perform dedicated functions. Smartphones: The processor inside a phone is an embedded system responsible for handling tasks like managing calls, camera functions, and sensors. Digital Cameras: Image processing, focus, and exposure settings are controlled by embedded systems. Smart TVs: Manage streaming services, display, and internet connectivity. 2. Automotive Industry Modern vehicles have multiple embedded systems that control various functions, improving safety and performance. Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS): Prevents the wheels from locking up during braking by rapidly adjusting brake pressure. Engine Control Units (ECU): Manages engine functions like fuel injection, emission controls, and performance optimization. Airbags: Embedded systems detect collisions and deploy airbags instantly for passenger safety. GPS Navigation Systems: Provide real-time location tracking and directions. 3. Healthcare Devices Embedded systems are essential for medical devices that monitor health, perform diagnostics, or assist in treatment. Heart Rate Monitors: Continuously track heart rate and alert patients to irregularities. Insulin Pumps: Automatically adjust and deliver insulin doses for diabetes management. MRI Machines: Embedded systems control imaging processes and patient diagnostics in complex medical equipment. 4. Industrial Automation Embedded systems play a critical role in controlling machines and processes in manufacturing and industrial settings. Robotic Arms: Used in factories for precision tasks like assembling products, welding, and painting. Conveyor Belt Systems: Automatically move materials or products through a manufacturing process based on sensor inputs. Temperature Controllers: Embedded systems maintain specific temperatures for industrial processes like chemical production or food manufacturing. 5. Aerospace and Defense Embedded systems are used in both aircraft and space exploration to perform critical functions. Flight Control Systems: Manage aircraft stability, navigation, and safety. Satellites: Use embedded systems to manage communications, data collection, and position adjustments. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): Embedded systems control drone flight, navigation, and camera operation. 6. Smart Homes Embedded systems are a key part of home automation, making daily life more convenient and energy-efficient.  Smart Thermostats: Automatically adjust home temperature based on user preferences and patterns to save energy. Security Systems: Control door locks, cameras, and alarms, allowing remote monitoring and access via smartphone. Smart Appliances: Devices like refrigerators, washing machines, and ovens with sensors and connectivity features for better performance and remote control. 7. Telecommunications Embedded systems are crucial in communication devices that support networking and data transmission. Routers and Modems: Manage internet connectivity and data traffic for homes and businesses. Base Stations: Control wireless communications and signal transmission in mobile networks. 8. Internet of Things (IoT) IoT devices rely heavily on embedded systems to sense, process, and communicate data over the internet. Smart Watches: Monitor fitness levels, heart rate, and daily activity while connecting to a smartphone. Home Assistants (e.g., Alexa, Google Home): Embedded systems process voice commands and control smart devices. 9. Transportation Public and private transportation systems use embedded systems to optimize safety, efficiency, and user experience. Traffic Lights: Use embedded systems to control traffic flow and timing based on real-time data. Train Control Systems: Automatically manage train speeds, braking, and signal systems for safe operations. 10. Retail Systems Retail and point-of-sale systems often rely on embedded systems for quick and efficient operations. Point-of-Sale (POS) Systems: Embedded systems in cash registers and credit card machines process transactions securely and swiftly. Barcode Scanners: Embedded systems enable the fast identification and processing of products at checkout. IV. Comparison: Embedded Systems vs General-Purpose Systems  1. Embedded Systems: o Optimized for specific tasks. o Less flexible but highly efficient. o Limited memory and processing power. 2. General-Purpose Systems: o Capable of performing a wide range of tasks (e.g., laptops, desktops). o Highly flexible but may require more power and resources. V. Career Opportunities in Embedded Systems 1. Embedded System Developer: Design and implement embedded software. 2. Firmware Engineer: Focuses on low-level programming and optimization. 3. IoT Developer: Specializes in embedded systems for Internet of Things devices. 4. System Architect: Designs the hardware and software architecture for embedded systems. 5. Testing Engineer: Ensures that embedded systems work reliably and efficiently. VI. Summary and Q&A Recap key points: o Definition of embedded systems and key components. o Real-world applications. o Career paths related to embedded systems. Open the floor for questions. Homework/Assignment: Research and present an example of an embedded system you use daily. Explain its components, purpose, and how it functions. This lesson introduces students to the fundamental concepts of embedded systems and opens the door for more technical discussions in future classes. 1. Marwedel, P. (2021). Embedded System Design: Embedded Systems Foundations of Cyber- Physical Systems, and the Internet of Things (3rd ed.). Springer.  This updated edition covers modern topics like the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyber-physical systems, providing insights into the latest embedded system applications. 2. Wolf, W. (2020). Computers as Components: Principles of Embedded Computing System Design (4th ed.). Morgan Kaufmann. A comprehensive reference on the design and integration of embedded systems, featuring real-world applications in areas like automotive systems and IoT. 3. Saponara, S., & De Gloria, A. (Eds.). (2021). Applications in Electronics Pervading Industry, Environment, and Society: APPLEPIES 2020. Springer. A collection of recent research and case studies, highlighting the role of embedded systems in modern industries and IoT applications. 4. Zhu, Q., Di Natale, M., & Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, A. (2022). Design Automation of Cyber- Physical Systems: A Passive Perspective. Springer. This book discusses embedded systems in the context of cyber-physical systems, focusing on modern design and automation techniques, including real-time embedded applications. 5. Chattopadhyay, S., Banerjee, A., & Mall, R. (2022). Embedded Systems (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. A recent textbook that provides an up-to-date overview of embedded systems design, including hardware-software co-design and real-time systems. 6. Vemu, S., & Gurumurthy, B. (2021). Secure Embedded Systems: Enabling Security in Embedded Systems. CRC Press. A timely reference that explores the security challenges in modern embedded systems, especially in IoT devices and applications, which are increasingly critical. 7. Fahmy, S. A. (2019). Introduction to Embedded Systems: Using Microcontrollers and the MSP430 (2nd ed.). Springer. This book is great for students, offering practical examples with microcontrollers and recent applications, such as low-power embedded systems. 8. Hsieh, Y.-T. (2019). Embedded Systems Design with the Texas Instruments MSP432 32-bit Processor. Springer. A detailed guide to embedded systems design with the MSP432, a popular microcontroller used in IoT devices and applications.