Dambi Dollo University Urban Planning Lecture 1 PDF

Dambi Dollo University College of Engineering and Technology Urban and Regional Planning Program: Architecture Course Name: Introduction to Urban Planning Credit: 6 ETCTS Academic year: 2020/2021 For 3rd year 1nd Sem....

Dambi Dollo University College of Engineering and Technology Urban and Regional Planning Program: Architecture Course Name: Introduction to Urban Planning Credit: 6 ETCTS Academic year: 2020/2021 For 3rd year 1nd Sem. Instructor: Bogale T. April, 2021  Course contents SECTION 1 1. Introduction 1.1 What is Planning 1.2 Urban Planning 1.2.1 what is Urban Planning 1.3 Why urban planning? 1.4 History of modern Urban Planning 1.5 Urban planning Principles 1.6 Urban Planning Philosophy 1.7 Urban Planning Approaches 1.7.1 Modern Planning Approach 1.7.2 Post modern planning Approach 1.8 Urban Planning Process 1.9 Regional Planning 1.9.1 What is Regional Planning 1.10 Relationship with other field 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 What is planning ? Planning is visualizing a better future and going after it It is a predetermined course of action. Is the process of preparing set of decisions for action in the future directed at achieving goals. Is the design of a desired future and of effective ways of bringing it about. (Ackoff, 1970) A plan must have three characteristics: It must involve the future; It must involve action; and individual or organization behind it.  1.2 Urban planning 1.2.1 What is Urban Planning ? The study of the way towns (or cities) work, including traffic, where people live, their services… Is planning the way they are built to make them as effective as possible ( Longman dictionary, 1987) Is planning with spatial component to provide for a spatial structure of activities ( land uses) which is better than the pattern existing without planning. (Hall, 1974) Urban Planning... 1.3 Why Urban Planning? We Need urban planning o To influence a development process (Adams , 2001) o Because of Interconnectedness and complexity of urban areas (Levy,2006). o Health, Safety, Welfare o Equity o Adaptability o Conflict resolution o Guidance Urban planning… 1.4 The History of Modern Urban Planning.  Urban Planning as a modern discipline originated fairly recently- in the latter part of the 19th century, mainly as a reaction to the disorder and squalor of the industrial city.  The first academic program began in England, in the university of Liverpool, in 1909, and the first North American program was established in Harvard University, in 1924. Urban planning… History of modern Urban Planning… 1890s-1920s finds Roots 1920s-1940s emerges as profession 1950s-1970s explodes 1970s-1990s Revamped / renewed 1990s-present Revisits its roots Source: L. Birch ed. (2009, 106-107) Assignment for next week  Write short essay on the modern History of Urban Planning in Africa and Ethiopia.  Points to be incorporated 1. In which African University urban planning program was started? When? 2. List the Top Africa University giving urban planning program currently. 3. In which Ethiopia University urban planning program was started? When? 4. List the Top Ethiopian University giving urban planning program currently. Hints to answer for Assignment  Modern urban planning in Ethiopia started during the Italian occupation in the late 1930s. No Department Institution EiABC, Addis Ababa University 1 Urban And Regional Hawassa University Planning Wollega University Dambi Dollo University 2 Architecture and Arba Minch University Urban Planning 3 Urban Planning and Adigrat University Surveying 4 Urban Engineering Ambo University Ethiopian Civil Service University 5 Urban Planning and Mekele university Design AASTU(both Addis Ababa & Adama)  1.5 Urban Planning Principles Sustainability:  A practical focus on integrating social, economic and environmental considerations in human settlements development that considers the impact of today’s developments on future generations. Integrated:  An integrated approach that combines and coordinates economic planning, physical planning, and environmental planning. Integrated with Budgets:  A recognition that successful plans effectively link to private and public budgetary processes. Planning with Partners:  Plan with all sectors of the community with a stakeholders in the place, including governments, private sector organizations, voluntary agencies and civil society. Subsidiarity:  While national governments have important roles in setting national urban development policies and programs, subsidiary recognizes the need for decentralization, with local governments playing a leading role, and empowerment of community-based organizations on matters Market Responsive:  understands market demand, particularly in land and property markets, and is aware of the dynamics and potential of the informal sectors. It is responsive, but not reactive. Access to Land:  A supply of land in safe and accessible locations to meet the needs of all sectors of society is fundamental to achieving efficient and equitable settlements. Traditional town planning too often under- estimated needs, particularly of the poor. Equitable systems of land ownership and land management need to underpin successful urban planning. Principles of Urban Planning … Appropriate Tools:  Urban development regulation and control should be strategic, affordable, effective, and sensitive to the needs of the poor while conserving essential ecological resources.  New Urban Planning recognizes that rigid urban containment is not a feasible, equitable or affordable policy in conditions of rapid urbanization. 1.6 Urban Planning Philosophy There are two planning philosophy: a. Modernist Planning b. Post-Modernist Planning a. Modernist Planning…  Period: From late 19th to the 1st mid 20th centuries (1970’s)  Characters: Large scale, uniformity, functionalism, mass production  Principles: Universality, abstraction, functionalism, industrial efficiency, technologically rational, large scale, uniformity or standardization, massive production and ….  Physical Aspect: How best to arrange land and buildings to meet the needs of a modern urban civilization.  Concerns: creating a health, attractive, efficient and safe community, Create dispersion, separation and uniformity Modernist planning … Draw backs  Large scale modern cities planning create problems physical and social problems  Inequality, segmentation, segregation, loss of identity.  Lack of effective growth control system (suburbanization )  Need for complex urban transportation system, inefficient use of urban land  Environmental degradation :pollution, loss of agricultural land large urban grains (based on function and social zoning).  b. Post-Modernist Planning  Period: Involved after 2nd middle of the 20th century  Characters: Rooted in the real world; a return to the human scale, local context, sense of community and vernacular form.  Principles: Restoration of traditional values and old urban fabrics for new uses and creation of new spaces that express traditional visions with modern technologies and materials.  adopt’ plurlistic and organic strategies including community participation  seeks to find ways to express aesthetics through diversity  Concerns: land use and all aspects of urban management issues: economic development, income redistribution, conflict resolution, crime prevention, prevention of social redistribution; environmental protection. Objectives of Post-Modernist planning Post modern Philosophy have the following objectives regarding making place for people.  Ease of Movement :A place that is easy to get to and move through  Legibility :A place that can change easily  Character: A place with its own identity  Continuity and Enclosure: place where public and private spaces are clearly distinguished  Quality of the Public Realm: place with attractive and successful outdoor areas. 1.7 Urban Planning Approaches  There are basically two planning approach which corresponds to the above two planning philosophy: 1. Modern  Master planning /Comprehensive Plan/general 2. Post Modern  Strategic urban planning  Structural Plan  Local Development Plan(LDP)  Integrated development planning (IDP) 1.7.1 Modern Planning Approach 1. Master / comprehensive / general Planning  Modern planning approach  Started in the early 1940s  Planning of the urban physical pattern: Land use ,road networks and transportation routes of cities  Implementation (planning) period: mostly about 20 years  It is based on modernist planning philosophy  Grand/ large plans in scale  Comprehensive and attempts to address all issues with survey Analysis proposal method  In its preparation few selected participate and voice their interest (elite based)  Regulatory: It doesn’t give room for change and abuse. Modern Approach…  Accounts for all activities on all land located within the planning area / goes in detail to Individual land parcels  Considers multiple programs:  Zoning and Land use categories, densities, building heights, set- backs, etc  Requires extensive studies covering spatial , demographic and economic aspects  Usually guide development at city level  Static and statutory: difficult to change on demand Modern Approach… Three important characters of this planning type are 1. Inclusion of all land area subject to the planning or regulatory jurisdiction 2. Inclusion of all subject matter related to the development of the city 3. A long time horizon usually 20 years 1.7.2 Post Modern Planning Approach 1. Strategic Plan  Post Modern planning approaches  Started in middle of 20th century :the word and the concept was taken from private sector(used to create business efficiency)  In the 1970s, the strategic planning concept began to be adopted in the public sector, then in urban planning.  Strategic urban planning is process which permits the articulation of the initiatives of public and private stakeholders  Process for determining where an organization is going over the next year or—more typically—3 to 5 years (long term), although some extend their vision to 20 years. Post Modern Planning Approach...  It is an instrument of managing changes through the following three steps  Diagnosis: Analyze the existing situation  Community conditions  Policies affecting future  Vision: Identify where we wish to be in the future  Long term goals and vision  Broad strategies (‘what’ and ‘who’)  Short term objectives (‘how much and when’)  Strategies: How to get /arrive to the defined vision  Programs and projects  Systems thinking Cont… Major characteristics  Realistic not idealistic taking into account the factors of risk and uncertainty  Adaptable to changes:  Continuous processes with evaluation, monitoring to accommodate charges  Emphasis on quality and diversity of life  Considers the diversity of interest and capabilities  Participation, bargaining, share decision making and initiatives management perspective  Includes not only physical planning but also urban development management perspective Cont…  Strategic in its range of choices for intervention  Multi sectorial strategies and programmes  Participation and ownership by key actors  Flexible and responsive to actor capacity  can be developed incrementally and hence it is a tool for institutional capacity building. Major Benefits of strategic planning  Set hierarchy of priorities of problems  Helps to identify and allocate resources with action plans and institutional arrangements  Facilitates the direct participation of the population and other key stakeholders in the decision making process Major Drawbacks  Piecemeal approach: Thus requires attention in prioritization  Flexibility can lead to abuse and corruption. 2. Structural Plan /S P / Structure plan is a framework to guide the development or redevelopment of a particular area by defining the future development including :  land use patterns,  areas of open space,  the layout and nature of infrastructure (including transportation links),  socio-economic  housing development  urban redevelopment  environmental  industry zone  period of validity 10 yrs  Other key features for managing the effects of development. SP…  Also called ‘guide planning’ or ‘framework planning’ or ‘indicative’ planning  deals with major planning issues, broad policies and proposals  deals broad magnitudes and directions of urban growth E.g. placement of  Infrastructure networks  Major facilities such as air ports, hospitals, universities SP…  Does not go in detail to plot level land uses or road network  identify those areas where growth and change are located / for more detailed local and action area plans  Doesn’t require excessive effort for gathering data  Not static , can be updated on demand  Provide long-term framework up to 20 years  cover the whole area of the urban center jurisdiction and all broad issues related with urban development SP… STRUCTURE PLAN OF NEKENTE TOWN Reasons for structure planning Structure planning is a tool for managing the effects and demands of development.  provide integrated management of complex environmental issues  Structure plans are also a good way to:  promote a better understanding of the inter-relatedness of issues and proposed management approaches to be used in a particular area  ensure that new development achieves quality urban design by defining the layout, pattern and density of new development and transportation linkages  show how economic, social and cultural matters are being provided for and managed alongside environmental considerations  complement other tools such as urban design guides and frameworks and precinct plans. 3. Local Development Plan /LDP/ A plan of action for a specific geographic area that needs help Applicable to almost any place – cities and neighborhoods May be associated with the declaration of a redevelopment area, a statutory designation opens the door to tax increment financing tools Areas that typically need redevelopment plans: ‐Business districts that are experiencing loss of retail, office, and related residential activity ‐Residential areas where dwelling units are in a marked state of deterioration or dilapidation ‐Industrial areas where plants and facilities are abandoned, idled, or underused, and the sites themselves are environmentally contaminated and must be remediated LDP… Statutory or non-statutory planning dealing with detail planning issues based on area specific policies such as:  upgrading,  renewal,  new land development and  conservation areas  Structure plan is statutory plan while strategic and action plans are non-statutory performance oriented plans LDP… The three components of the LDPs include: 1. Design component consisting of integration plan, design proposals, expressed in drawings, images and models in various scales 2. Implementation component consisting of strategic action plan, implementation, phasing, volume of investment, financing mechanisms and stakeholders. 3. Legal components consisting of the rules and regulations LDP… LDP serves as a transition between a structure plan and projects in the process of implementation of urban plans.  Zoning the use types, building height and density  Local streets and layout of basic infrastructure  Organization of transportation system  Housing typology and neighborhood organization  Green space ,open space ,water bodies LDP… LDPs must include: i. Clearly delineated target area that includes proposed project site ii. Detailed policy goals that must include rehab or construction of affordable rental housing iii. Implementation measures with specific, current, and on going time frames iv. Assessment of existing physical structures and infrastructure in the community LDP… Also it must be based on sound evidence of:  Demographic – who lives here? current and trends  Socio-economic – who works? where? & at what?  Environmental issues – flooding, air quality  Designations - heritage, landscape, wildlife  Transport – services, capacity, usage  Infrastructure – capacity, fitness for purpose, need  Housing stock - type, tenure, condition, need  Land uses – potential development sites 4. Integrated Development Plan(IDP)  Team /theme based approach  Participatory approach in data collection, Identification of problem  Allows to share visions and city development strategy with the public  As a method to plan future development in their areas.  Involves the entire municipality and its citizens in finding the best solutions to achieve sustainable development.  A super plan for an area that gives an overall framework for development.  It aims to co-ordinate the work of local and other spheres of government in a coherent plan to improve the quality of life for all the people living in an area IDP process Before starting the planning process, an IDP Process Plan must be drawn up. This plan should outline:  The structures that will manage the planning process  How the public can participate and structures that will be created to ensure this participation  Time schedule for the planning process  Who is responsible for what  How will the process be monitored The process undertaken to produce the IDP consists of 5 phases: PHASE 1 ANALYSIS  During this phase information is collected on the existing conditions within the municipality. It focuses on the types of problems faced by people in the area and the causes of these problems.  The identified problems are assessed and prioritized in terms of what is urgent and what needs to be done first.  Information on availability of resources is also collected during this phase. At the end of this phase, the municipality will be able to provide:  An assessment of the existing level of development  Details on priority issues and problems and their causes  Information on available resources PHASE 2: STRATEGIES Focus on finding solutions to the problems assessed in phase one. This entails: Developing a vision -  The vision is a statement of the ideal situation the municipality would like to achieve in the long term once it has addressed the problems outlined in phases one.  An economically vibrant city with citizens living in a secure, healthy and comfortable environment Defining development objectives  Development objectives are clear statements of what the municipality would like to achieve in the medium term to deal with the problems outlined in phase one.  For example: Provide access to clean water for all residents living in the informal settlement Development strategies  Once the municipality has worked out where it wants to go and what it needs to do to get there, it needs to work out how to get there. A development strategy is about finding the best way for the municipality to meet a development objective.  For example: Co-operate with the Department of Water Affairs to provide one water stand pipe for every 20 households. Project Identification  Once the municipality has identified the best methods to achieving its development objectives it leads to the identification of specific projects. PHASE 3: PROJECTS  During this phase the municipality works on the design and content of projects identified during Phase 2.  Clear details for each project have to be worked out in terms of:  Who is going to benefit from the project?  How much is it going to cost?  How is this project going to be funded?  How long would it take to complete?  Who is going to manage the project?  Clear targets must be set and indicators worked out to measure performance as well as the impact of individual projects PHASE 4: INTEGRATION  Once all projects have been identified, the municipality has to check again that they contribute to meeting the objectives outlined in Phase 2. These projects will provide an overall picture of the development plans.  All the development plans must now be integrated. The municipality should also have overall strategies for issues like dealing with AIDS, poverty alleviation and disaster management. PHASE 5: APPROVAL  The IDP is presented to the council for consideration and adoption. The Council may adopt a draft for public comment before approving a finalized IDP. 1.8 Urban Planning process  The following general procedures are involved in carrying out in urban Planning obligation. I. Initiation for Planning and Preparing work plan II. Identification of current contexts III. Conduct analysis and formulating goals IV. Preparing scenarios(alternatives) V. Evaluating scenarios(alternatives) VI. Adopting Plans VII. Monitoring Implementation Urban Planning process… Usually begins in two ways  City dwellers become aware of problems and encourage the governing body to draft or update the city plan.  The planning commission appointed by the governing body gathers and analyzes information that leads to an awareness of city problems and the need to draft or update town plan. Urban Planning process… The planning process has four phase 1.Initial phase 2.Preliminary phase 3.Decision phase 4.Follow-up phase Urban Planning process… 1.Initial phase Decision to plan and commit resources Information gathering such as qualitative and quantitative inventory /survey of land uses Infrastructure Economic base Population Natural environment Urban Planning process… 2.Preliminary phase  Identification of what changes should occur and what should stay the same o Trend analysis / population, land use o Problem identification o Problem analysis o SWOT analysis o Development of goals and objectives o Public involvement o Vision: set of ideas how the community should change Urban Planning process… 3.Decision Phase o Identification of alternative solutions o Selection of solution and plan of action o Approval o Implementation Urban Planning process… 4. Follow up Phase  Monitoring and feedback Benchmarking: setting measurable targets such as  land supply,  road improvement,  number of jobs  Assess the progress toward the benchmarks  Adjustment of solution  Planning Process… Follow-up phase 1.9 Regional planning 1.9.1 What is regional planning?  Regional planning is the science of efficient placement of infrastructure and zoning for the sustainable growth of a region.  Deals with the efficient placement of land-use activities, infrastructure, and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city or town.  It can address region-wide environmental, social, and economic issues which may necessarily require a regional focus.  Gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society.  Involve spatial planning : land use, urban, regional, transport , environmental planning, economic and community planning. Regional planning… Regional planning at the macro level seek to: Resist development in flood plains or along earthquake faults. Eg. parks, farmland. Designate transportation corridors using hubs and spokes and considering major new infrastructure Consider designating essential nuisance land uses locations, including waste disposal. Designate Green belt land or similar to resist settlement amalgamation and protect the environment. Consider building codes, zoning laws and policies that encourage the best use of the land. Quick ACTIVITY  Why regional planning is necessary in Architecture?  Discuss What Architecture deals with?  1.10 Relationship with other fields  Urban planning is interdisciplinary profession and is closely related with Architecture, Regional Planning, Urban Design and etc.  Regional planning concentrates on spatial linkage (metro)  Planning concentrated on land use patterns and socio-economic issues (macro)  Landscape architecture concentrates on nature in outdoor environment (Meso)  Architecture concentrated on the design of buildings (micro) Relationship… Their differences  Conclusion Urban vs. rural  Urban : Population density, sectoral activity, service provision Sectoral activities 1st, 2nd and 3rd  Rural--------served by natural resources  Urban ----------- institutional provisions  Classification of urban centers In Ethiopia, urban centers are classified based on the following population size  Small towns – 2001 - 20,000  Medium towns - 20,001 - 50,000  Large town – 50,001 - 100,000  Cities – 100,000 – 1,000,000  Metropolitans – more than 1,000,000 Types of plan for Ethiopian Urban Centers Urban Types of plan done Time frame Scale of the center for it map urban-like Sketch Plan 5-10 years 1:5,000 rural centers Small town Basic Plan 5-10 years 1:2,000 Medium Town Strategic plan 5-10 years 1:2,000-5,000 Large Town Structure Plan 10 years 1:2000-1:10,000 Cities Structure Plan 10 years 1:2000-1:10,000 Metropolitans Structure Plan 10 years 1:2000-1:20,000  Strategic Plan  Is the second type of plan that has to be approved for use at the city level and it is suitable for category two and category three medium cities.  It differ from Structure plan as: 1. it limits itself to the city level and 2. shows the linkage of the city with nearby rural areas, Basic Plan  Basic plan is the third type of plan that has been approved for category four and five small cities, for a period of 5-10 years.  The main aim for preparing this plan is to regulate the growth of small cities.  Basic plan is prepared for towns with population size up to 20,000 Sketch Plan  Is done at scale of 1:5,000 and is prepared for category six urban-like rural centers  Last for 5-10 years in our country  The reason for preparing a sketch plan for these rural towns is  to guide their growth and  to prevent houses from being demolished when higher- level plans are prepared in the future. Basic References  Neighborhood guidebook, a resource guide for the neighborhood district overlay, metropolitan Nashville planning department  Public Places and Urban Space The Dimensions of Urban Design Carmon Mathew, Architectural Press/ First Edition 2003)  Adams, David (1994), Urban Planning and The Development Process, Routledge Publisher, London and New York  Taylor N, (1998).Urban Planning Theory. London  Levy, M. John (2008), Contemporary Urban Planning Thank you Any………???