Urban Planning Modern Approaches Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of the modern planning approach?

Emphasizes spontaneous changes in planning

Excludes individual land parcels from consideration

Accounts for all activities on all land within the planning area (correct)

Focuses solely on economic aspects of planning

Which aspect is NOT typically considered in the modern planning approach?

Immediate changes based on public opinion (correct)

Building heights and set-backs

Spatial studies

Zoning and land use categories

Which concept was adopted from the private sector into urban planning during the post-modern approach?

Comprehensive zoning

Static land use

Land parcel exclusion

Strategic planning (correct)

What is the typical time horizon considered in strategic urban planning?

3 to 5 years Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge faced by the modern planning approach?

Difficulty in changing established plans Signup and view all the answers

What role do local governments play in the principle of subsidiarity?

They play a leading role and empower community-based organizations. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with Modernist Planning?

Emphasis on ecological conservation Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern of large-scale modern city planning?

Environmental degradation and social inequality Signup and view all the answers

How is market responsiveness characterized in urban planning?

Understanding market dynamics without being reactive Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for achieving equitable settlements according to urban planning principles?

Access to safe and accessible land Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant drawback of Modernist Planning?

It creates segmentation and loss of identity. Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the principle of 'appropriate tools' in urban planning?

Urban regulations should consider the poor and ecological resources. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of urban planning is criticized for being ineffective during rapid urbanization?

Rigid urban containment measures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Local Development Plan (LDP)?

To transition between a structure plan and implementation projects Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the implementation strategy within a development plan?

Community historical analysis Signup and view all the answers

Which key aspect is a requirement for an Integrated Development Plan (IDP)?

Involvement of the entire municipality and its citizens Signup and view all the answers

What should an LDP assessment include regarding existing infrastructure?

An assessment of existing physical structures and infrastructure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a critical focus during the IDP process?

Ongoing community participation in data collection Signup and view all the answers

What aspect must the policy goals of an LDP include?

Rehabilitation or construction of affordable rental housing Signup and view all the answers

In the context of an IDP, what is meant by a 'team/theme based approach'?

Creating teams focused on specific themes in development Signup and view all the answers

What type of data is essential for forming the evidence base of a development plan?

Detailed demographic and socioeconomic data Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in managing changes as described?

Diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the strategic planning process?

Rigid structure without flexibility Signup and view all the answers

Which step focuses on identifying where we wish to be in the future?

Vision Signup and view all the answers

What is one major benefit of strategic planning?

Creates a hierarchy of problem priorities Signup and view all the answers

What is the period of validity for a Structural Plan?

10 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a drawback of strategic planning?

Promotes abuse and corruption through flexibility Signup and view all the answers

What does a Structural Plan primarily deal with?

Major planning issues and broad policies Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of a Structural Plan?

Defines future land use patterns Signup and view all the answers

What year did the first academic program in urban planning begin in Liverpool?

1909 Signup and view all the answers

Which period is associated with the emergence of urban planning as a profession?

1920s-1940s Signup and view all the answers

Which institution started the urban planning program in Ethiopia during the Italian occupation?

Addis Ababa University Signup and view all the answers

What combined approach is emphasized in urban planning principles?

Integration of social, economic, and environmental considerations Signup and view all the answers

Which university is listed as offering urban and regional planning in Ethiopia?

EiABC, Addis Ababa University Signup and view all the answers

In which decade did urban planning see an explosion in activity?

1950s Signup and view all the answers

Which approach emphasizes planning with various sectors of the community?

Planning with Partners Signup and view all the answers

Which Ethiopian university offers urban engineering as part of its urban planning program?

Ambo University Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of architecture within the context of regional planning?

Design of buildings Signup and view all the answers

Which type of urban center classification corresponds to a population of 10,000 to 50,000?

Medium towns Signup and view all the answers

How long is the time frame typically designated for a Basic Plan in small towns?

5-10 years Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a Strategic Plan from a Structure Plan?

Links the city with nearby areas Signup and view all the answers

Which type of urban center is classified as having a population greater than 1,000,000?

Metropolitans Signup and view all the answers

Which plan type is appropriate for category four small cities?

Basic Plan Signup and view all the answers

What scale is typically used for the Structure Plan of large towns?

1:2,000-1:10,000 Signup and view all the answers

Which field is NOT directly related to urban planning?

Agricultural science Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

University: Dambi Dollo University
College: College of Engineering and Technology
Program: Architecture
Course Name: Introduction to Urban Planning
Credit: 6 ETCTS
Academic Year: 2020/2021
Semester: 1st
Instructor: Bogale T.
Date: April, 2021

Course Contents

Introduction
- What is Planning?
  - Visualizing a better future and going after it.
  - A predetermined course of action.
  - Preparing decisions for actions to achieve goals.
  - Designing a desired future with effective ways to bring it about.
- What is Urban Planning?
  - Study of how towns (or cities) work, including traffic, where people live, and services.
  - Planning the way towns are built to make them effective.
  - Planning with spatial components to create a spatial structure of activities (land uses), better than existing patterns without planning.
- Why Urban Planning?
  - Influence development process.
  - Interconnectedness and complexity of urban areas.
  - Health, safety, welfare.
  - Equity.
  - Adaptability.
  - Conflict resolution.
  - Guidance.
- History of Modern Urban Planning
  - Originated in the latter part of the 19th century, in reaction to industrial city disorder and squalor.
  - First academic program in England (Liverpool, 1909).
  - First North American program in Harvard (1924).

Urban Planning Principles

Sustainability: Focus on integrating social, economic, and environmental considerations in human settlements development that considers the impact of today's developments on future generations.
Integrated: An integrated approach that combines economic, physical, and environmental planning.
Integrated with Budgets: Successful plans effectively link to private and public budgetary processes.
Planning with Partners: Plan with all community sectors (governments, private sector, voluntary agencies, and civil society).
Subsidiarity: Recognizes the need for decentralization, with local governments playing a leading role and empowering community-based organizations.
Market Responsive: Understands market demand, particularly in land and property markets, and dynamics of informal sectors. Responsive but not reactive.
Access to Land: A supply of land in safe and accessible locations to meet the needs of all sectors of society; fundamental to efficient and equitable settlements.

Appropriate Tools

Urban development regulation and control should be strategic, affordable, effective, and sensitive to the needs of the poor while conserving essential ecological resources.
New urban planning recognizes that rigid urban containment is not a feasible, equitable, or affordable policy in conditions of rapid urbanization.

Urban Planning Philosophy

Modernist Planning:
- Period: Late 19th to mid-20th centuries (1970s)
- Characteristics: Large-scale, uniformity, functionalism, mass production.
- Principles: Universality, abstraction, functionalism, industrial efficiency, technological rationality, large scale, uniformity or standardization, massive production.
- Physical Aspect: How best to arrange land and buildings to meet the needs of a modern urban civilization.
- Concerns: Creating health, attractive, efficient, and safe community; create dispersion, separation, and uniformity.
- Drawbacks: Large-scale modern cities create physical and social problems; inequality, segmentation, segregation, loss of identity; lack of effective growth control (suburbanization), need for complex urban transportation, inefficient use of urban land; environmental degradation (pollution, loss of agricultural land).
Post-Modernist Planning:
- Period: After mid-20th century
- Characteristics: Rooted in the real world; a return to the human scale, local context, sense of community and vernacular form.
- Principles: Restoration of traditional values and old urban fabrics, creation of new spaces expressing traditional visions with modern technologies and materials; adopt pluralistic and organic strategies including community participation.
- Concerns: Land use and all aspects of urban management; economic development, income redistribution, conflict resolution, crime prevention, prevention of social redistribution; environmental protection.
- Objectives: Ease of movement, legibility, character, continuity and enclosure, quality of the public realm.

Urban Planning Approaches

Modern: Master planning, comprehensive plan, general planning, modern planning approach.
Post-Modern: Strategic urban planning, structural plan, local development plan (LDP), integrated development planning (IDP).

Modern Planning Approach

Master/Comprehensive/General Planning: Started in the early 1940s, planning of urban physical pattern (land use, road, and transportation), mostly about 20 years.
Based on modernist planning philosophy; grand/large plans in scale.
Addresses all issues through survey analysis for proposal method.
Prepares plans with few participants (elite based).
Lacks room for changes and abuses.
Accounts for all activities on all land.
Considers multiple programs (zoning and land use categories, densities, building heights, setbacks).
Requires extensive studies of spatial, demographic, and economic aspects.
Usually guides development at the city level.
Static and statutory; difficult to change on demand.
Inclusion of all land subject to the planning or regulatory jurisdiction; inclusion of all subject matter related to the development of the city; long time horizon (usually 20 years).

Post Modern Planning Approach

Strategic Plan: Started mid-20th century (word and concept from private sector); adopted in the 1970s in public sector, then in urban planning.
Articulation of initiatives from public/private stakeholders.
Process for determining an organization's direction over the next (typically 3-5 years; sometimes 20 years).

Post Modern Planning Approach (steps)

Diagnosis: Analyze existing situation (community conditions, policies affecting future).
Vision: Identify desired future (long-term goals, broad strategies, short-term objectives).
Strategies: How to achieve vision (programs and projects, systems thinking).

Major characteristics of Post Modern Planning

Realistic, not idealistic, considering risk and uncertainty.
Adaptable to change; continuous processes with evaluation for accommodating changes; emphasis on quality and diversity of life; considering diversity of interest; participation through bargaining and decision-making; encompassing urban development and management perspectives.
Strategic in it's range of choices for intervention; multi-sectorial strategies and programs; participation and ownership by key actors; flexible response to actor capacity; incremental development suitable for building institutional capacity.

Major Benefits/Drawbacks of Strategic Planning

Benefits: Set hierarchy of priorities of problems; helps identify and allocate resources with action plans and institutional arrangements; facilitates direct participation of population and key stakeholders in decision-making process.
Drawbacks: Piecemeal approach, thus requiring focus on prioritization; flexibility can lead to abuse and corruption.

Structural Plan (SP)

Framework for guiding development or redevelopment.
Defines future development including land use patterns, areas of open space, infrastructure (including transportation), socio-economic factors, housing development, urban redevelopment, environmental factors, and industrial zones.
10-year validity period.
Other key features for managing the effects of development.

Structural Plan (SP)...continued

Also called guide, framework, or indicative planning.
Deals with major issues, broad policies, and proposals.
Deals with broad magnitudes and directions of urban growth (E.g., placement of infrastructure networks, major facilities).
Does not go into detail on land uses or road networks.
Identifies areas needing detailed local and action area plans.
Does not require excessive effort for data gathering.
Can be updated on demand.
Provides long-term framework (up to 20 years).
Covers whole area of urban center jurisdiction; all broad issues related with urban development.

Local Development Plan (LDP)

Plan of action for a specific geographic area that needs help (cities and neighborhood).
Can be associated with redevelopment area declarations, allowing for tax increment financing.
Areas needing redevelopment plans:
Business districts experiencing loss of retail, office, and residential activities.
Residential areas with deteriorated or dilapidated dwelling units.
Industrial areas with abandoned, idled, or underused plants/facilities and environmental contamination requiring remediation.

Local Dev. Plan (LDP)...continued

Statutory or non-statutory, dealing with detailed planning.
Based on specific policies like upgrading, renewal, new land development, and conservation areas.
Structure plan is a statutory plan, while strategic and action plans are non-statutory and performance oriented.
Included design (integration plan, proposals, drawings, images, models), implementation (plan, implementation, phasing, investment, financing, stakeholders), and legal components (rules, regulations).

Local Development Plan (LDP) Serves As...

A transition between structure plan and projects.
Zoning (use types, building height and density), local streets, infrastructure layout, organization of transportation system, housing typology, and neighborhood organization, green space and open spaces, and water bodies.
Clearly delineated target area including proposed project site.
Detailed policy goals, including rehabilitation or construction of affordable housing.
Implementation measures with specific, current, and ongoing time frames.
Assessment of existing physical structures and infrastructure in the community.
Evidence based on demographic, socio-economic, environmental factors, designations (heritage, landscape, wildlife), transportation services, infrastructure capacity and need, and housing stock (type, tenure, condition, need).

Integrated Development Plan (IDP)

Team/theme based approach.
Participatory approach in data collection and identification of problems.
Allows to share visions and city development strategy with the public.
Plans future development, involving the entire municipality and its citizens for achieving sustainable development.
Provides an overall framework.
Aims to coordinate local and other government spheres to improve the quality of life.

IDP Process Plan

Outlines structures managing the planning process.
Details public participation methods.
Includes a time schedule for each phase.
Identifies those responsible for each element.
Outlines how to monitor the process.
5 phases are involved in producing the IDP.

IDP Phase 1: Analysis

Collecting information about existing municipality conditions.
Identifying the types and causes of problems and prioritizing urgent issues.
Assessing the existing level of development.
Determining resource availability.
Providing details on priority issues, problem causes, and available resources.

IDP Phase 2: Strategies

Developing solutions to the problems identified in Phase 1.
Defining a vision (ideal situation for the municipality).
Defining economically vibrant city objectives.
Providing examples on objectives like water access.
Creating development strategies to achieve objectives.

IDP Phase 3: Projects

Designing and detailing projects.
Identifying beneficiaries and costs.
Determining funding sources and project completion timelines.
Defining project management arrangements.
Setting targets to measure performance and project impact.

IDP Phase 4: Integration

Ensuring that projects contribute to meeting the objectives (Phase 2).
Integrating development plans to provide an overall picture.
Establishing overall strategies for issues like dealing with AIDS, poverty alleviation, and disaster management.

IDP Phase 5: Approval

Presenting the IDP to the council for consideration, adoption and public feedback.
Council may adopt a draft and request public feedback.
Finalized IDP approval by the council.

Urban Planning Process

Initiation for Planning: Preparing a work plan.
Identification of Current Contexts: Identifying aspects of the current situation.
Analysis and Goal Formulation: Analyzing the situation and formulating goals.
Scenario Preparation: Preparing scenarios (alternatives).
Evaluating Scenarios: Evaluating scenarios (alternatives).
Adopting Plans: Adopting plans.
Monitoring Implementation: Monitoring implementation.

Urban Planning Process (additional steps)

City dwellers or governing bodies initiate awareness of problems or gather information leading to awareness.
The process involves four phases: Initial, Preliminary, Decision, and Follow-up.
Initial Phase: Decision to plan; securing resources Gathering info (qualitative and quantitative inventory/survey) on land, infrastructure, economic base, population, and natural environment.
Preliminary Phase: Identifying what changes should occur; trend analysis (population, land use), problem identification, problem analysis, SWOT analysis, development of goals, public involvement, creating a vision (a set of ideas for community change).
Decision Phase: Identifying and selecting alternative solutions, and creating a comprehensive plan of action; approval, implementation.
Follow-up Phase: Monitoring and feedback, benchmarking, and adjustment of solutions (e.g., land supply, road improvements, job numbers).

Regional Planning

Science of efficient placement.
Infrastructure and zoning for sustainable growth of a region.
Dealing with land use, infrastructure, and settlement growth across larger areas.
Addressing region-wide environmental, social, and economic issues.
Provides a geographical expression for economic and social policies, as well as cultural and ecological policies of society.
Includes spatial planning: land use, urban/regional, and transport, environmental planning, and community planning.

Regional Planning...continued

Resisting development in floodplains/earthquake faults (parks/farmland designation).
Designating transportation corridors (hub and spoke model with new infrastructure).
Considering designating essential nuisance land for waste disposal.
Designating green belts to resist settlement amalgamation and protect the environment.
Developing building codes, zoning laws, and policies promoting best land use practices.

Quick Activity

Why regional planning is necessary in architecture?
Discuss what architecture deals with.

Relationship with Other Fields

Urban planning is an interdisciplinary profession.
Related to Architecture, Regional Planning, Urban Design, etc.
Regional Planning: Spatial linkages (metro).
Planning: Concentrates on land use patterns and socio-economic factors (macro scale).
Landscape architecture: Nature and outdoor environments (meso scale).
Architecture: Design of buildings (micro scale).

Relationship Between Different Spatial Levels

Regional level, landscape level, and site level.

Differences Between Architectural, Urban Design and Urban Planning

Scale: Individual building (Architecture), spaces between buildings (Urban Design), neighborhoods/district (Urban Planning)
Orientation: Aesthetic and Functional (Architecture/Urban Design), Utility (Urban Planning).
Treatment of Space: 2D /3D (Architecture), 3D (Urban Design), Predominately 2D (Urban Planning).
Time Frame: No definite time frame (Architecture); Short-Term (<5 years) (Urban Design), Long-Term (5-20 years)(Urban Planning).

Urban vs. Rural

Urban: Population density, sectoral activities, and service provision (1st, 2nd, and 3rd sector activities); institutional provisions.
Rural: Served by natural resources.

Classification of Urban Centers in Ethiopia

Based on population size: small towns, medium towns, large towns, cities, and metropolitans.

Types of Plans for Ethiopian Urban Centers

Urban-like rural centers: Sketch plan (1:5000).
Small town: Basic plan (1:2000).
Medium Town: Strategic plan (1:2000-1:5000).
Large Town/Cities: Structure plan (/2000-1:10,000)
Metropolitans: Structure plan (1:2000-1:20000).

Strategic Plan Details

Second type of plan approved for use at the city level for category 2 and 3 medium-sized cities, suitable for that category.
Differs from structure plans by: limiting itself to the city level and showing the linkage with nearby rural areas.

Basic Plan Details

Third type, approved for category 4 and 5 small cities, for 5-10 year periods.
Regulates the growth of small cities; intended for towns with populations under 20,000.

Sketch Plan Details

Prepared for urban-like rural centers, at the scale of 1:5000.
Valid for 5-10 years.
Guiding growth and preventing potential demolition when higher-level plans are created.

Basic References

Neighborhood guidebook, resource guide for neighborhood districts.
Public Places and Urban Space, dimensions of Urban Design.
Urban Planning, development process.
Urban Planning Theory.
Contemporary Urban Planning.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the key characteristics and challenges of modern urban planning approaches. Explore the distinctions between traditional and post-modern planning concepts, and understand the strategic time horizons involved. This quiz will help you grasp the intricacies of urban planning in today’s context.