Lecture 1 PDF - Archegoniate + Plant Evolution

‫مقرر‪ :‬أرشيجونيات ‪ +‬تطور نبات‬ ‫كود‪E24BOT232:‬‬ ‫املتسوى ‪ :‬الثانى الفصل الدراس ي‪ :‬الثالث‬ ‫برنامج‪ :‬العلىم البيىلىجية والجيىلىجيا (انجليز )‬ ‫إعداد‬ ‫د‪ /‬سحر عبد الرحمن محمد‬ ‫مدرس تصنيف النباتات الزهرية والفلورة‪ /‬قسم النبات‬ ‫...

‫مقرر‪ :‬أرشيجونيات ‪ +‬تطور نبات‬ ‫كود‪E24BOT232:‬‬ ‫املتسوى ‪ :‬الثانى الفصل الدراس ي‪ :‬الثالث‬ ‫برنامج‪ :‬العلىم البيىلىجية والجيىلىجيا (انجليز )‬ ‫إعداد‬ ‫د‪ /‬سحر عبد الرحمن محمد‬ ‫مدرس تصنيف النباتات الزهرية والفلورة‪ /‬قسم النبات‬ ‫كلية البنات لآلداب والعلوم والتربية‬ ‫أ‪.‬د‪ /.‬منى حسين درويش‬ ‫أستاذ الحفريات النباتية المتفرغ بكلية البنات‬ ‫لآلداب والعلوم والتربية ‪ /‬قسم النبات – جامعة‬ ‫عين شمس‬  ‫‪Sources and references used‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪Pandey, B.P., (2009): College Botany.Including Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany (For‬‬ ‫‪Degree, Honours and Post-Graduate Students) Vol. II‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Pandey, B.P., (1986):A TEXT BOOK OF BOTANY GYMNOSPERMS‬‬ ‫المملكة_النباتية ‪3 https://m.sources.marefa.org/‬‬ ‫الباب السادس ‪-‬الباب السابع‪ -‬الباب الثامن‬ ‫‪4 https://0811n2ktu-1105-y-https-ekbjun-ethraadl-com.mplbci.ekb.eg/Record/4658‬‬ ‫تقسيم النبات (‪ )1997‬دكتور قاسم السحار‪ ،‬الناشر المكتبة االكادمية‬ ‫‪5 https://0811n2ktu-1105-y-https-ekbjun-ethraadl-com.mplbci.ekb.eg/Record/36859‬‬ ‫اطلس النبات‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫النباتات الكبدية والحزازية (‪ )1983‬الدكتور أحمد محمد مجاهد والدكتور أحمد فؤاد شلبى والدكتور عبد هللا يحيى باصهى ‪،‬الناشر ‪ :‬عمادة شؤون‬ ‫المكتبات – جامعة الملك سعود‪.‬بمكتبة القسم‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫النباتات الوعائية غير البذرية (‪ )1983‬الدكتور أحمد محمد مجاهد والدكتور أحمد فؤاد شلبى والدكتور عبد هللا يحيى باصهى ‪،‬الناشر ‪ :‬عمادة شؤون‬ ‫المكتبات – جامعة الملك سعود‪.‬بمكتبة القسم‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫النباتات عاريات البذور(‪ )1983‬الدكتور أحمد محمد مجاهد والدكتور أحمد فؤاد شلبى والدكتور عبد هللا يحيى باصهى ‪،‬الناشر ‪ :‬عمادة شؤون‬ ‫المكتبات – جامعة الملك سعود‪.‬بمكتبة القسم‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫االرشيجونيات تقسيمها وتطورها (‪ )2009‬االستاذ الدكتور عفاف بدوي ‪ ،‬الناشر‪ :‬مكتبة المتنبى بمكتبة القسم‬ ‫‪Used:‬‬ ‫‪** Drawings from the practical workbook of Professor Dr. Wagih El-Saadawi, Emeritus Professor in the Botany‬‬ ‫‪Department, Faculty of Science - Ain Shams University‬‬ ‫’‪** Special collections by full-time professor Mona Hussein Darwish, professor of plant paleontology at the Girls‬‬ ‫‪College of Arts, Sciences and Education - Ain Shams University.‬‬  The introduction In Linnaeus' time a Two Kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia kingdoms was developed that included all plants and animals respectively. R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a Five Kingdom Classification. The kingdoms defined by him were named Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The main criteria for classification used by him include cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships. Plantae includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.  Bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms are all characterized by the presence of the female reproductive organ called the archegonium, therefor, they are grouped under one name “Archegoniate”. Bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms are named Embryophytes because form an embryo after fusion of gametes. Archegoniate is the intermediate group between Algae and flowering plants. Archegoniate Plants are very widely varied individuals of plant kingdom having archegonia. The Bryophytes are known as nonvascular plants, which are simple-structured plants, body often consists of a thallus (a plant that is not distinguished into a root, stem, and leaves) and does not have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). Pteridophytes are called non-seed vascular plants because they do not reproduce seeds. Gymnosperms include vascular plants and reproduce seeds.  Archegoniate include both living and fossil plants. Fossil records indicate that life began in the oceans approximately 3,900 million years ago with prokaryotic organisms (Bacteria and then blue-green algae), and with increasing evolution, eukaryotic organisms arose about 1400-1500 million years ago. It is believed that life forms began in water then moved to land due to geological changes. The transition from aquatic habitat to land occur probably from middle Ordovician to early Silurian period, about 430-500 million years ago. Certain significant changes took place that help the transition to adapt the land habit at primarily comprising of climatic changes, the formation of soil etc. Higher terrestrial plants (flowering or seed plants) were beginning at the Cretaceous period (110 million years ago).  Archegoniate Division of the plant kingdom https://ohioplants.org/bryophytes-introduction/ *There is no doubt that the occurrence of evolution and the emergence of some advanced organisms from other ancestral (previous) organisms does not mean the disappearance or extinction of the ancestral group, but rather both groups are lived together in life. The evidence for this widespread belief is that terrestrial plants originated from some green algae which still exists side by side with terrestrial plants till now. We point out from the above, that evolution occurs through natural selection, which means the gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time and from one generation to another. This change takes thousands of years until the characteristics of this species become different and deserve a name different from their ancestral origin. The vast majority of algae (which represent the ancestral group for the evolution of archegoniate) live in water, and some of them are terrestrial algae. They are not distinguished, like terrestrial plants, by the fact that their body is composed of two parts, one of which is the fixed part (roots or semi-rhizoids) and the representative part (the shoot or green thallus). **In the aquatic life of algae, the female gamete of the mother algae is released and fertilizes the zygote, which quickly surrounds itself with a thick wall, forming a zygote germ (a single cell with a limited number of food), which then grows to give new algae under appropriate conditions.** When life moves from water to land, the environmental conditions differ, which make plants acquire new characteristics to adapt to the surrounding conditions so that they can live on land.  Common general characteristics of archegoniate Archegonium is a female reproductive organ at this group of land plants. It characterized by the following: 1- The presence of a female sexual organ known as archegonium that found almost in all group member (except few Gymnosperms). 2- The presence of a male sexual organ called antheridium. 3- The members of these group have a regular alternation of heteromorphic generations throughout their life cycles in which gametophytic generation (carries archegonia and antheridia ) alternates with sporophytic generation that produces spores.  1- The presence of a bottle-shaped female reproductive organ called the archegonium Cover cells Neck cells Archegonium is usually flask-shaped, consisting of a swollen part called the venter Neck canal cells and a long cylindrical part called the neck. The Neck neck consists of a number of neck canal cells surrounded by a wall of sterile cells, and the Ventral canal cell venter consists of an enlarged basal part with a wall of sterile cells and two cells, one of Egg cell Venter which is large basal, which is the ovum, and the other is small, which is the ventral canal Venter wall cell. The neck is covered by a number of lid cells (cover cells). Archegonium http://premabotany.blogspot.com/2018/12/riccia-classification-structure-of.html The presence of a specialized, multicellular male reproductive organ known as the antheridium Multicellular, often spherical, pear-shaped, or oval-shaped. The antheridium is Antheridial wall surrounded by a single-layer sterile wall Sperm mother cells that does not participate in the formation of male sperm cells. Inside the wall there is Antheridium Spermatogenous tissue a fertile tissue called spermatogenous tissue consists of a large number of cells, that develop into several sperm–mother Stalk cells that produce twisted sperms which Spermatozoids may be biflagellated or multiflagellated. The antheridia of archegoniate (terrestrial plants) are considered superior to the antheridia of algae because its wall is not involved in the formation of spermatogenous tissue. This enables them to resist the drought that they may face on land. 3- The exchange of two distinct phases in the life cycle (the phenomenon of alternation of generations)  3- Life cycle and alternation of generations There is a regular heteromorphic alternation of generation between haploid gametophyte (generation produces the gametes) and diploid sporophyte (generation produces the spores). A gametophyte may carry both archegonia and antheridia and is called monoecious(unisexual ), or may carry only one of them and is called dioecious (bisexual). When the gametophyte matures, the antherozoids release from the antheridium , attracted to the archegonia, swim in the mucilaginous material remaining after disintegration of neck canal cells, until they reach the egg or ovum to fertilize the egg in the venter of the archegonium to form the diploid zygote, which the beginning of the formation of sporophyte (2n) , which a fertile tissue known as sporogenou tissue (2n). The sporogenous tissue differentiates into spore mother cells (2n) that divide by meiosis (Meiotic division) to form asexual spores (thus grouped in fours called tetrads).The resulting haploid spore germinates and gives rise to the haploid phase known as the gametophyte; which, in turn, produces archegonia and antheridia. From an evolutionary standpoint, the presence of the alternation of generations in all terrestr plants indicates the suitability of this phenomenon for life on Earth, as this is linked to the differentiation of the plant body into one part for fixation and another for representation, and The course of development in alternation of generations in the plant kingdom during various eras has tended to be as follows: We notice that the gametophytic phase is dominant in less advanced plants, while the sporophyte is reduced. Then, as the plants advance, the sporophyte prevails, as is the case in higher plants, while the gametophytic phase becomes reduced. zygote The dominant stage in Bryophytes is the gametophyte where it hosts the sporophyte and supply it with nutrient. In Pteridophytes, the sporophyte is the most abundant and larger but no stage hosts the other. In gymnosperms, the sporophyte is the dominant stage and the gametophyte depends on it totally.  According to the modern classification of the plant kingdom, terrestrial plants are divided into twelve sections, three of which are moss plants (Byrophyta), while the rest of the sections represent vascular plants (Tracheophyta). Vascular plants are classified into seedless plants, which include four sections, and seed plants, which include five sections, of which four sections represent gymnosperms and one section featuring Angiosperms. Moss plants Division 1. Hepatophyta Vascular plants) Vascular plants (Non Division 2. Anthocerophyta Division 3. Bryophyta Division 4. Psilotophyta Pterophyta (Seedless Division 5. Microphyllophyta Division 6. Arthrophyta Division 7. Pterophyta Division 8. Cycadophyta (Seed (Seed Vascular Gymnosperm plants) Division 9. Ginkgophyta plants Division 10. Coniferophyta Division 11. Gnetophyta sperms Vascul plants Angio ar ) Division 12. Anthophyta * The division system used for mosses: Robert Z Ubel, Ihor D Anylkiv, Iryna R Abyk, Oksana L Obachevs’ KA, Miroslava S Oroka, Lublin Book (2015): Bryophytes of the Roztocze region (Poland and Ukraine). A checklist of liverworts and mosses. *Archegoniate grouped according to the dominant stage in its life cycle (dominant here means larger in size, most abundant in the environment, host the other stage) into three groups; *Bryophytes are non-vascular plants. The gametophyte is the dominated , and hosts the sporophyte whish supply it with nutrient. *Pteridophytes are seedless vascular plants , in which the sporophyte depends for a short period on the gametophyte, here no stage hosts the other but the most abundant and larger is the sporophyte. *Gymnosperms are produced seeds, the sporophyte is the dominated and the gametophyte depends totally on it. *In light of the division of plants according to fixed evolutionary rules, the division of plants is based on the extent of kidship and sophistication between the different plants, and is determined on various foundations, including: 1- Plants that are not differentiated into organs are less advanced than plants that are differentiated into organs (root-stem -leaves), and aquatic plants (algae) are less advanced than terrestrial plants. 2- Plants that reproduce by spores are less advanced than plants that reproduce by seeds. 3- Nonvascular plants are less advanced than vascular plants. 4-The dominance of the gametophyte is less advanced plants, than plants has the dominance of the sporophyte. Therefore, Bryophytes plants are considered a level higher than Algae but lower than Pteridophytes, and the last are lower than Spermatophytes (seed plants). Bryophytes life cycle http://www.whfreeman.com/  Homosporous life cycle The spores in archegoniate plants may be of similar size or different sizes. In the first case the plant is known as “homosporous” In the second case the plant is known as “heterosporous” Accordingly, there are two patterns of life cycles 1) Homosporous life cycle found in all Bryophytes and a part of Pteridophytes. 2) Heterosporous life cycle found in a part of Pteridophytes and all Gymnospermae. http://www.whfreeman.com/  Heterosporous life cycle In Heterosporous type: The larger spore (megaspore or macrospore) gives rise to female gametophyte. The smaller one (microspore) gives rise to male gametophyte. In gymnosperms, the small germ is represented by the pollen grain, and the large germ is represented by the egg. http://www.sinauer.com/  Bryophytes Nonvascular plants. Division Marcantiophyta (Hepatophyta) (liverworts). Division Anthocerophyta (hornworts). Division Bryophyta (mosses) https://www.britannica.com/plant/liverwort Liverwort Hornwort Mosses *Bryophytes stand at a level higher than Algae but lower than Pteridophytes. They need water for the movement of the gametes but their vegetative structures adapted to a terrestrial life. Bryophytes considered to be the amphibians of kingdom plantae. The gametophytes of bryophytes resemble green algae. They contain chlorophyll a, b, and beta pigments, alpha-carotene, and xanthophylls, the main stored material is starch, and the cell walls consist mainly of cellulose.  Bryophytes *The bryophytes include three groups of green plants, liverworts, hornworts and mosses. These plants are generally small, lack a vascular system and roots. Bryophytes possess a regular alternation between two morphologically distinct generations, the haploid gametophyte (n) and the diploid sporophyte (2n). * Bryophytes is one of the largest groups of land plants in the contemporary flora. It is also an ancient group, the fossil record for mosses recorded at least to the Carboniferous and for hepatophytes to the Devonian.  General characteristics of mosses *Small green terrestrial plants that usually grow in water and in shady, moist places. * Gametophyte is thallus, in mosses differentiated into stem-like, leaf like and rhizoids and does not contain support tissues (xylem and phloem). * Their spores are similar (homospory). Bryophyta Anthocerophyta Hepatophyta (Hornworts) (liverworts) (mosses) (Marchantiophyta) * The gametophyte is an upright *It is characterized by the *Gametophytes may be thalloid equal life span of the or prostrate leaves , in two or stem-like bearing leaf-like spirals three rows and stem like. gametophyte and sporophyte. arranged on it and root-like ones. Thallus is dorsiventrally *The spore germinates and *The spore germinates and gives flattened composed of thin gives the gametophyte directly rise to a primary filament called walled cells attached to soil by in the thallus species. However, protonema, and this gives rise to smooth rhizoids, each cell of in the case of leafy species, the gametophytes. the thallus usually contains a spore forms the thallus single large disc-shaped protonema first. *Gametophores grow vertically chloroplast, which frequently *Sporophytes may be simple or from a bud on protonema and has an included pyrenoid. differentiated into foot, seta and give main axis called (caulid) or capsule. Elaters are present. * The sporophyte does not stem-like which carry spirally depend entirely on the arranged leaves-like (phyllids). gametophyte for its nutrition.