Kingdom Plantae PDF

What is a Plant? Plants are members of the Kingdom _______. Plantae All plants are multicellular and are ___________ eukaryotic composed of __________ cells.  What is a Plant? cell walls All plants hav...

What is a Plant? Plants are members of the Kingdom _______. Plantae All plants are multicellular and are ___________ eukaryotic composed of __________ cells.  What is a Plant? cell walls All plants have ________ cellulose composed of ________. All plants carry out photosynthesis _____________ using the green pigment __________________. chlorophyll  The Transition of Plants to Land one-celled algae floating on the The first plants were the _______________ surface of water in the open seas. shore This plant life was probably most abundant near the _____ where minerals ________ and essential _________ elements were washed into the water from the land. These early algae addedoxygen ______ to the atmosphere through photosynthesis ______________ and formed the foundation of aquatic food chains __________________. Many pieces of evidence provide proof that the algae are the ancestors of the land plants. 1. Land plants are…. ….multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs just as the algae are. 2. Plants have…. ….cell walls made of cellulose, as do the algae. 3. Chloroplasts with chlorophyll are present in the land plants as well as the algae. Some of the one-celled plants began to adapt to a life on land because living on land offered many advantages: 1. Light is abundant from dawn to dusk. 2. The light is not filtered through water. 3. Carbon dioxide is plentiful in the atmosphere. 4. At this time, the land was (relatively) unoccupied and offered no competition between organisms. 5. The soil was rich in mineral nutrients. 6. There were no plant pathogens.  During the transition from life in the water to life on land, plants had to evolve to meet the challenges of living a life on land. Plants living on land face the following challenges: 1. There is a scarcity of water on land compared to living in a body of water. Plants must have a method to prevent dehydration. 2. Structural support against gravity: Land plants can no longer float on the surface of water. Land plants must have tissues and structures to support the plant body on land. 3. Land plants must have a method of reproduction that does not require water for a swimming sperm.  Ancestral photosynthetic algae led to the evolution of 4 major groups of living land plants. This diagram is called a cladogram. It depicts ancestral relationships between living things. Angiosperms (Flowering Gymnosperms plants) (Cone-bearing plants) Ferns Mosses and Liverworts Flowers, and seeds inside fruits Seeds Vascular tissue Green algae ancestor  Classification of Land Plants All land plants are either vascular plants or nonvascular plants. This Cherry tree is a vascular plant. Liverworts are nonvascular plants. Classification of Land Plants Vascular plants have vascular tissue and nonvascular plants do not. a) Vascular tissue is tissue that … … transports food and water throughout the plant. b) Phloem: Carries food down the plant from the leaves. c) Xylem: Carries water up the plant from the roots. Vascular plants are further subdivided into seed plants and seedless plants. 1. The seedless plants do not produce seeds. Seedless plants include the ferns. 2. The seed plants do produce seeds.  The seed plants are divided into angiosperms and “_____________.” “____________” gymnosperms Angiosperms are the Gymnosperms are the flowering plants. cone-bearing plants.  Let’s summarize this information : Kingdom Plantae Nonvascular Plants Vascular Plants Liverworts and Mosses Seedless Plants Seed Plants Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms (Cone-bearing (Flowering plants) plants) Characteristics of the Non Vascular Plants They produce motile gametes ______________ and must have water _____ to reproduce. During part of their life cycle, they produce ______ sperm that the egg swim through water to reach _______. must _____ rainfall or dew for They must live in places where there is _____________ at least part of the year. Characteristics of the Non Vascular Plants This means they have no vascular tissue (xylem or phloem). These plants can osmosis draw up water by ________ only a few centimeters above the ground. This prevents them from growing very big. Characteristics of the Non Vascular Plants As members of the plant kingdom, these plants do possess chlorophyll __________ and carry out photosynthesis _____________. Liverworts Mosses  The Seedless Vascular Plants The seedless vascular plants include ferns, club mosses, and horsetails. Ferns are the most numerous of the seedless vascular plants. Ferns Horsetails Club Mosses  Ferns have … … vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). Ferns have … … true roots, stems and leaves. a) Roots are underground structures designed to absorb water and minerals from the soil. b) Leaves are the organs of photosynthesis. c) Stems are the supporting structures that connect leaves and roots, carrying water up the plant and nutrients down the plant.  The Seed Plants Plants with the ability to form seeds became the most dominant and successful group of photosynthetic organisms on land.  Gymnosperms a) Bear their seeds directly on the surfaces of cones. b) Includes the conifers such as pines and spruces. a) Also called flowering plants. b) Bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed. c) Angiosperms include flowering trees and shrubs. Angiosperms  Reproduction Free From Water – A Huge Advantage! The seed plants do not require water for the fertilization of the gametes. Sperm is carried to the egg inside pollen grains. This allows the seed plants to occupy many more types of habitats! What adaptations are seen in the seed plants that allow reproduction without water? 1. Flowers or cones. 2. The transfer of sperm by pollination. 3. The protection of embryos within seeds.  SEEDS A seed consists of an embryo and a food supply that is enclosed inside of a protective outer covering. food supply embryo outer covering (seed coat) The seed contains a food supply that nourishes the embryo. This food supply sustains the embryo until the seed has sprouted and has grown enough to become fully photosynthetic. The outer seed coat surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out. The embryo remains in a dormant stage within the seed for weeks, months, or even years.  The seed can survive long periods of … … bitter cold, extreme heat, or drought. When growing conditions become favorable, the seed germinates and begins to grow.  The gymnosperms are the most ancient surviving seed GYMNOSPERM plants. Gymnosperms include: cycads S spruce ginkgoes pines YMNOSPERMS Gymnosperms include: redwood cypres s s fir cedar  gymnosperm The term “____________” means “__________.” naked seed The cone _____ is the seed-bearing structure, and all seeds are exposed.  Many of the gymnosperms have adaptations that make them better suited to a dry environment. a) The leaves are flat, thin needles. This reduces the surface area of the leaf and lowers the amount of water lost from the leaf due to transpiration. b) Needles have a thick and waxy cuticle that prevents water loss from the leaf. Many of the gymnosperms have adaptations that make them better suited to a dry environment. Stoma Guard cells Needles have “sunken stomata.” The stomata (pores that allow for gas exchange) are located in cavities below the surface of the leaf. This reduces the amount of water loss from the leaf. ANGIOSPERMS Angiosperms appear in the fossil record only 135 million years ago, making them the most recent of all plants. The flowering plants now dominate the plant life on Earth. They have a method of reproduction and development that involves flowers and fruits.  Fruits and Flowers Unique to the angiosperms is the development of the flower as the reproductive structure. Flowers are an evolutionary advantage to plants because they attract insects and other small animals to the flower. These insects and animals then transport pollen from one flower to another flower. This means of pollination is much more efficient than the wind pollination of most gymnosperms.  Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds. After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit, which protects the seed and aids in its dispersal. The fruit is a structure angiosperms found only in __________. The fruit is a wall of tissue seed surrounding the ____. The fruit _______ protects the seed, but also aids in seed dispersal by ____________ attracting animals to the fruit. Bat eating figs.