Drug Information Lecture Notes PDF

Zagazig University Faculty of Pharmacy Dept. of Pharmacology Drug information Ass. Prof. Dr. Shaimaa Samy Week Staff member 1 Ass. Prof. Shaimaa Samy 2 Ass. Prof. Shaimaa Samy 3 Ass. Prof. Shaimaa Samy 4 Ass. Prof. Shaimaa...

Zagazig University Faculty of Pharmacy Dept. of Pharmacology Drug information Ass. Prof. Dr. Shaimaa Samy Week Staff member 1 Ass. Prof. Shaimaa Samy 2 Ass. Prof. Shaimaa Samy 3 Ass. Prof. Shaimaa Samy 4 Ass. Prof. Shaimaa Samy 5 Ass. Prof. Shaimaa Samy 6 Ass. Prof. Shaimaa Samy 7 Ass. Prof. Noura Ahmed 8 Ass. Prof. Noura Ahmed 9 Ass. Prof. Nissrin Elkomy 10 Ass. Prof. Nissrin Elkomy 11 Ass. Prof. Nissrin Elkomy 12 Ass. Prof. Nissrin Elkomy Overall Aims of the Course: ▪ The course aims to educate students about: The importance of drug information centers, and drug information resources including primary, secondary, and tertiary sources Strategies for accessing and searching quality Web-based resources. Students will learn the structure of clinical trials and other studies beyond clinical trials and ethical aspects of drug information practice. Overall Aims of the Course: ▪ On completion of the course, students will be able to explain the basics of drug information required in poison information centers, critically evaluate medication-related information that affects patient health outcomes, advise patients and other healthcare professionals about the safe and effective use of medicines, gather information from several reliable sources to make well- founded decisions and demonstrate the ability to make accurate, evidence-based based and timely decisions for the management of patients. Assessment schedule: Assessment (1): Periodical (midterm) exam Week 7 Assessment (2): Written exam Week 15 Assessment (3): Oral exam Week 15 Weighting of Assessment: Assessment method Marks Percentage Periodical exam 10 10% Written exam 75 75% Oral exam 15 15% TOTAL 100 100% ✓ Drug information: Printed or verbalized. ✓ Drug informatics : The use of technology in organizing, analyzing, and managing information on medication use in patients. ✓ Medication Information Skills a pharmacist needs: Assess available information. Gather situational data needed to characterize question or issue. Formulate question(s). Use a systematic approach to find needed information. Evaluate collected information. (for validity & applicability) Develop, organize, and summarize response for question. Communicate clearly considering the audience level. Anticipate other information needs. ✓ The participation of the pharmacist in health care requires: Basic therapeutic knowledge. An understanding of the medical literature. Good communication skills. ✓ Pharmacist’s role in community settings Counsel patients. Answer medication information questions. Review patient medication regimens for potential problems. Participate in helping patients manage chronic diseases. ✓ Factors influenced the evolution of the pharmacist's role as a medication information provider Adverse Drug Events (ADEs): 1. Medication errors and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). 2. The ADR program in hospitals serves to: a. Identify suspected side effects. b. Dissemination of information. c. Monitoring of outcomes.  In health care systems (e.g., hospitals), this is performed by pharmacists, physicians, and other health professionals in a coordinated fashion. The ADR program is most often coordinated by the pharmacy department, and specifically, the drug information center, if available.  Integration of new technologies: ❑ With the advances in computer technology and internet, a pharmacist in a local community pharmacy or rural hospital can communicate with health care professionals or their patients locally or can obtain information about a medication found only in another country ❑ It is critical that pharmacists have the skills to perceive, assess, and evaluate the information, and apply the information to the situation. ❑ It is important that pharmacists stay updated.  Focus on evidence-based medicine (EBM) and drug policy development: EBM is an approach to medical practice intended to optimize decision-making by emphasizing the use of: 1. Evidence from well designed and conducted clinical research. 2. Clinical expertise. 3. Patients needs and wishes (e.g. ↓ cost).  Sophistication of medical therapy: To overcome this, pharmacists should be able to: 1. Assess medication information needs of professionals, patients, or family members. 2. Provide literature to help choose the best medication to use within a class, and to convey the appropriate information to help patients correctly and safely use the more potent medications.  Self-care movement: 1. Although drug information is available for consumers on the internet, there is no safeguard on the quality of information provided. This can result in a potentially misinformed consumer. 2. A pharmacist can help consumers critically assess the medication information and add to the information based on specific patient-related needs. ✓ A specialist in medication information can provide leadership in: Contract drug information center: 1. In hospitals, chain or independent pharmacies. 2. A client may be charged a simple fee per question, or may be offered a detailed menu of services, e.g. a. Written medication evaluations. b. Continuing education programs. c. Guideline development for particular diseases.  Medical informatics: Use technology to: a. Improve the efficiency of workflow. b. Increase access to patient-specific information. c. Increase access to the medical literature.  Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and pharmacy benefit management organizations (PBMs): ❑ The specialist may coordinate activities relating to formulary development and implementation, ADE, reporting and analysis, and therapeutic guideline development.  Poison control in poison information center or an emergency room: Poison information centers must be prepared to provide information on the management of any poison situation, including: 1. Household products. 2. Poisonous plants and animals. 3. Poisonous medications and other chemicals.  Pharmaceutical industry: Areas for pharmacists include drug discovery, product development, information technology, training and development, scientific communications, health outcomes research, regulatory affairs, professional affairs, medical information services, and clinical research.  Academia 1. Teaching medication information skills. 2. Serves as collaborator with other faculty on cases and activity designed to reinforce drug information skills for students.  Scientific Writing and Medical Communication 1. In addition to having good writing skills, the pharmacist also needs to have scientific expertise and literature evaluation skills. 2. Pharmacists in this capacity would probably work closely with editors, graphic designers, meeting planners, and computer programmers.  Modified Systematic Approach to Answering Questions ✓ An essential component within pharmacy practice is the ability to effectively answer questions posed by health care professionals and the lay public. ✓ In 1975, Watanabe et al. presented a systematic approach for responding to drug information requests. Step I. Classification of the request. Step II. Obtaining background information. Step III. Systematic search. Step IV. Response. Step V. Reclassification. ✓ Modified Systematic Approach (Host and Kirkwood, 1987): Step I. Secure demographics of requestor Step II. Obtain background information Step III. Determine and categorize ultimate question Step IV. Develop a strategy and conduct a search Step V. Perform evaluation, analysis, and synthesis Step VI. Formulate and provide a response Step VII. Conduct follow-up and documentation  Requestor Demographics 1. Position. 2. Training. 3. Anticipated knowledge. 4. Contact information, e.g. telephone or fax number, address (mail or e-mail). For example, an elderly patient and cardiovascular specialist may each inquire about the availability of an investigational medication; however, each brings a different frame of reference to the request, and final response to the request will differ for each requestor. Thank You Good Luck